{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:47:15Z","timestamp":1787503635865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009465","name":"Production Development Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23IR-BB-252008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23IR-BB-252008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a bioactive amino acid with anti-inflammatory and neurotransmitter properties, yet limited information exists regarding its production by Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum. We evaluated factors that influence GABA synthesis by L. paraplantarum HK-1 and assessed its production in vitro and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. GABA production was analyzed using HPLC with pre-column derivatization, gene expression was assessed through RT-qPCR, and probiotic characteristics were evaluated using standard microbiological methods. L. paraplantarum HK-1 demonstrated dose-dependent GABA production with monosodium glutamate (MSG) supplementation, achieving maximum levels at 500 mM MSG (161.1 \u00b5g\/mL), which was significantly higher than those in other treatments (p &lt; 0.01). A strong positive correlation was observed between MSG concentration and GABA production (r = 0.908, p = 0.002). Gene expression analysis revealed a 61.6-fold higher gadB expression at 500 mM MSG compared to 250 mM, though statistical significance with GABA production was not achieved (r = 0.741, p = 0.259). The strain exhibited appropriate probiotic characteristics including \u03b3-hemolytic activity, bile salt tolerance, and acid resistance. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, maximum GABA production occurred in the distal colon (148.3 \u00b1 19.0 \u00b5g\/mL with probiotic vs. 7.2 \u00b1 6.2 \u00b5g\/mL control), with overall production significantly higher in probiotic-treated groups (p &lt; 0.001). Overall, L. paraplantarum HK-1 produced GABA throughout gastrointestinal phases and showed traits consistent with probiotic use. These results position HK-1 as a promising GABA-producing candidate for functional food applications, pending in vivo validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14193345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T14:50:38Z","timestamp":1758898238000},"page":"3345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum HK-1 and GABA Synthesis Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"Castro-Seriche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Haiken Vetscience SpA Paicavi 483, Concepci\u00f3n 4070031, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3447-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Alvarez-Norambuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Linco\u00f1ir-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Haiken Vetscience SpA Paicavi 483, Concepci\u00f3n 4070031, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interactivo de Ciencias, Artes y Tecnolog\u00edas (CICAT), Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Avenida Cordillera 3582, Coronel 4190044, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Ruiz-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Avenida Vicente M\u00e9ndez 595, Chillan 3812120, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Jerez-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Brazil Avenue 2180, Valpara\u00edso 2362854, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3909-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apolinaria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cancino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chacabuco Avenue 1363, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8445-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alonso","family":"Jerez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Haiken Vetscience SpA Paicavi 483, Concepci\u00f3n 4070031, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007057","article-title":"Iontophoretic studies of neurones in the mammalian cerebral cortex","volume":"165","author":"Krnjevic","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01839-w","article-title":"A Brief Review on the Non-protein Amino Acid, Gamma-amino Butyric Acid (GABA): Its Production and Role in Microbes","volume":"77","author":"Sarasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pencheva, D., Teneva, D., and Denev, P. (2023). Validation of HPLC Method for Analysis of Gamma-Aminobutyric and Glutamic Acids in Plant Foods and Medicinal Plants. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010084"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5954","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115954","article-title":"Neurotransmitters-Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System","volume":"23","author":"Teleanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9560-1","article-title":"GABA receptors in brain development, function, and injury","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Z., Li, D., Wang, L., Lan, J., Wang, J., and Ma, Y. (2024). Activation of GABABR Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation by Reducing Oxidative Stress through Modulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NLRP3 Pathway and Gut Microbiota Abundance. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091141"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-019-01196-z","article-title":"The regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylases in GABA neurotransmission in the brain","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2020.1869688","article-title":"Microbial production of gamma-aminobutyric acid: Applications, state-of-the-art achievements, and future perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00253-2","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"8","author":"Braga","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12617","article-title":"GABAB receptors in the bladder and bowel: Therapeutic potential for positive allosteric modulators?: Commentary on Kalinichev et\u2009al., Br J Pharmacol 171: 995\u20131006","volume":"172","author":"Hyland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"79","article-title":"GABAergic system in the endocrine pancreas: A new target for diabetes treatment","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N.L., Magnavita, N., and Scoditti, E. (2021). Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes. Commun. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02825-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hepsomali, P., Groeger, J.A., Nishihira, J., and Scholey, A. (2020). Effects of Oral Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Administration on Stress and Sleep in Humans: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00923"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liwinski, T., Lang, U.E., Br\u00fchl, A.B., and Schneider, E. (2023). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Stress and Depressive Disorders through the Gut\u2013Brain Axis. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1508.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Miao, K., Niyaphorn, S., and Qu, X. (2020). Production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030995"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.114511","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production by potential probiotic strains of indigenous fermented foods origin and RSM based production optimization","volume":"176","author":"Devi","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez-Guti\u00e9rrez, L., Vicente, L.S., S\u00e1enz, J., Esquivel, A., Barron, L.J.R., and Ch\u00e1varri, M. (2022). Biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K16 as an alternative to revalue agri-food by-products. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22875-w"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7368483","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7368483","article-title":"Effects of GABA Supplementation on Intestinal SIgA Secretion and Gut Microbiota in the Healthy and ETEC-Infected Weanling Piglets","volume":"2020","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2370-4","article-title":"Synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus plantarum DSM19463: Functional grape must beverage and dermatological applications","volume":"86","author":"Mazzacane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Icer, M.A., Sarikaya, B., Kocyigit, E., Atabilen, B., \u00c7elik, M.N., Capasso, R., A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz, D., and Bud\u00e1n, F. (2024). Contributions of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria on Food Quality and Human Health: Current Applications and Future Prospects. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13152437"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikegami, M., Narabayashi, H., Nakata, K., Yamashita, M., Sugi, Y., Fuji, Y., Matsufuji, H., Harata, G., Yoda, K., and Miyazawa, K. (2024). Intervention in gut microbiota increases intestinal \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and alleviates anxiety behavior: A possible mechanism via the action on intestinal epithelial cells. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1421791"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-9-85","article-title":"Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Lactobacillus brevis NCL912 using fed-batch fermentation","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"104","article-title":"Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus buchneri isolated from kimchi and its neuroprotective effect on neuronal cells","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yogeswara, I.B.A., Maneerat, S., and Haltrich, D. (2020). Glutamate Decarboxylase from Lactic Acid Bacteria\u2014A Key Enzyme in GABA Synthesis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0538.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2304","article-title":"Optimization of gamma-aminobutyric acid production by Lactobacillus brevis PML1 in dairy sludge-based culture medium through response surface methodology","volume":"9","author":"Falah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10226-1","article-title":"Microbial response to acid stress: Mechanisms and applications","volume":"104","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01658-4","article-title":"Transcriptomics reveal different metabolic strategies for acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in select Levilactobacillus brevis strains","volume":"20","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-1029-1","article-title":"Exploring the contributions of two glutamate decarboxylase isozymes in Lactobacillus brevis to acid resistance and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid production","volume":"17","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2015.06.019","article-title":"pH stabilization of lactic acid fermentation via the glutamate decarboxylation reaction: Simultaneous production of lactic acid and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46010015","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Fermented Food Production","volume":"46","author":"Iorizzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-014-0266-2","article-title":"The probiotic characteristics and GABA production of Lactobacillus plantarum K154 isolated from kimchi","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez, J.D., Teso-P\u00e9rez, C., Mart\u00edn-Platero, A.M., Peralta-S\u00e1nchez, J.M., Fonoll\u00e1-Joya, J., Mart\u00ednez-Bueno, M., and Ba\u00f1os, A. (2023). Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum BPF2 and Pediococcus acidilactici ST6, Two Bacteriocinogenic Isolated Strains from Andalusian Spontaneous Fermented Sausages. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132445"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120856","article-title":"Administration of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum is effective in controlling hyperphosphatemia in 5\/6 nephrectomy rat model","volume":"306","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12372-z","article-title":"Optimization and cholesterol-lowering activity of exopolysaccharide from Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum NCCP 962","volume":"107","author":"Afreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezgin, E., and Tekin, B. (2023). Molecular evolution and population genetics of glutamate decarboxylase acid resistance pathway in lactic acid bacteria. Front. Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1027156"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931089","article-title":"Cloning and expression of a full-length glutamate decarboxylase gene from Lactobacillus brevis BH2","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milon, R.B., Hu, P., Zhang, X., Hu, X., and Ren, L. (2024). Recent advances in the biosynthesis and industrial biotechnology of Gamma-amino butyric acid. Bioresour. Bioprocess., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-024-00747-7"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6kmen, G.G., Sar\u0131y\u0131ld\u0131z, S., Cholakov, R., Nalbantsoy, A., Baler, B., Aslan, E., D\u00fczel, A., Sarg\u0131n, S., G\u00f6ksungur, Y., and K\u0131\u015fla, D. (2024). A novel Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain: Probiotic properties and optimization of the growth conditions by response surface methodology. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03862-3"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.03920","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from commercial yoghurt starter cultures","volume":"41","author":"Yerlikaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.12.064","article-title":"Increased anti-Helicobacter pylori effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C strain encapsulated in carrageenan evaluated in gastric simulations under fasting conditions","volume":"121","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.02.055","article-title":"In vitro digestion models suitable for foods: Opportunities for new fields of application and challenges","volume":"107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, H., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, W., Han, Y., Xu, X., Yang, P., and Meng, K. (2023). Optimization of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT7 from Chinese Paocai. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12163034"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otaru, N., Ye, K., Mujezinovic, D., Berchtold, L., Constancias, F., Cornejo, F.A., Krzystek, A., de Wouters, T., Braegger, C., and Lacroix, C. (2021). GABA Production by Human Intestinal Bacteroides spp.: Prevalence, Regulation, and Role in Acid Stress Tolerance. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.656895"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laroute, V., Mazzoli, R., Loubi\u00e8re, P., Pessione, E., and Cocaign-Bousquet, M. (2021). Environmental Conditions Affecting GABA Production in Lactococcus lactis NCDO 2118. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010122"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013000100028","article-title":"Submerged fermentation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus YS9 for g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.10.011","article-title":"GABA production and structure of gadB\/gadC genes in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains from human microbiota","volume":"42","author":"Yunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05434.x","article-title":"Role of glutamate metabolism in bacterial responses towards acid and other stresses","volume":"114","author":"Feehily","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113671","article-title":"Fast-acidification promotes GABA synthesis in response to acid stress in Streptococcus thermophilus","volume":"164","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Espinosa, A., Beltr\u00e1n-Barrientos, L.M., Reyes-D\u00edaz, R., Mazorra-Manzano, M.\u00c1., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mendoza, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilar, G.A., S\u00e1yago-Ayerdi, S.G., Vallejo-Cordoba, B., and Gonz\u00e1lez-C\u00f3rdova, A.F. (2020). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in milk fermented by specific wild lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from artisanal Mexican cheeses. Ann. Microbiol., 70.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13213-020-01542-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2292","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2292","article-title":"Novel fermented chickpea milk with enhanced level of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and neuroprotective effect on PC12 cells","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-20230025","article-title":"Gut production of GABA by a probiotic formula: An in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Casertano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4662-3","article-title":"Attenuated GABAergic Signaling in Intestinal Epithelium Contributes to Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"62","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/19\/3345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:12:22Z","timestamp":1759291942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/19\/3345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14193345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14193345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}