{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:25:31Z","timestamp":1790094331103,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Project of the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["20233BBF64005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20233BBF64005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20242BAB23070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB23070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City","award":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0464"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the physicochemical properties of Camellia oleifera husks collected from three regions of Jiangxi Province (Ganzhou\u2014GZ, Yichun\u2014YC, and Jiujiang\u2014JJ) and extracted tea saponins via microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE), aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of this agricultural by-product. The husks from YC were rich in bioactive compounds such as tea saponins (16.29 \u00b1 0.02%), with lower cellulose (21.05 \u00b1 1.05%) and lignin (12.48 \u00b1 1.14%) contents and higher hemicellulose (27.40 \u00b1 0.80%) content. The husks from JJ exhibited abundant porosity and a larger specific surface area (40\u201360 mesh, 4.15 \u00b1 0.04 m2\/g). Single-factor extraction experiments indicated that the microstructure and chemical composition of Camellia oleifera husks significantly affected the extraction efficiency of saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. The optimal extraction conditions for tea saponins were established using Box\u2013Behnken response surface methodology, with the liquid-to-solid ratio identified as the most critical factor. Optimal conditions for GZ husks were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 46.75 mL\/g, ethanol concentration of 35.5%, extraction time of 6 min, and microwave power of 350 W, with the extraction yield of 7.49 \u00b1 0.01%. Optimal conditions for YC husks were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 50.55 mL\/g, ethanol concentration of 40.13%, extraction time of 6 min, and microwave power of 350 W, with the extraction yield of 16.29 \u00b1 0.02%. Optimal conditions for JJ husks were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 47.44 mL\/g, ethanol concentration of 37.28%, extraction time of 6 min, and microwave power of 350 W, with the extraction yield of 9.39 \u00b1 0.02%. The study provides important scientific evidence for understanding the structure\u2013function relationship of Camellia oleifera husks and offers practical guidance for developing sustainable industrial processes to convert agricultural by-products into high-value bioactive compounds, thereby promoting resource recycling and economic benefits in the Camellia oleifera industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14193380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:21:51Z","timestamp":1759220511000},"page":"3380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Physicochemical Characterization of Camellia oleifera Husks from Different Regions and Microwave-Assisted RSM Optimization of Tea Saponin Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weixian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0435-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangda","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Enterprise Technology Center, Yichun 330804, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6111-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104242","article-title":"Recent Advances in Camellia oleifera Abel: A Review of Nutritional Constituents, Biofunctional Properties, and Potential Industrial Applications","volume":"75","author":"Luan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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