{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:38:52Z","timestamp":1778575132326,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31871752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31871752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Agricultural Technology Research and Development Project","award":["22NYYF046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NYYF046"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan in Shaanxi Province","award":["2020ZDLSF01-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDLSF01-07"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan in Shaanxi Province","award":["2022QFY09-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QFY09-06"]}]},{"name":"Development Program for Innovative Research Team of Shaanxi Normal University","award":["GK202101006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK202101006"]}]},{"name":"Sci-Tech Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province, China","award":["2019TD-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TD-035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study, for the first time, explored the preventive effects of a novel pectic polysaccharide from Premna microphylla Turcz leaves (PMTL) on experimental constipation. Diphenoxylate-induced constipation model (CM) rats were fed a standard rodent chow supplemented with or without PMTL (5%, 10%, and 20%) for 6 weeks. Supplementation of PMTL was shown to accelerate intestinal peristalsis, increase fecal water content, improve intestinal morphology, and suppress gut inflammation by facilitating the secretion of excitatory neurotransmitters (MTL, ACH, and SP) and decreasing the secretion of inhibitory neurotransexcitatory neurotransmittersmitters (SS and NO) in the CM rats. PMTL also reduced the expressions of the colonic aquaporins AQP3 and AQP4 in the CM rats to normalize the colonic water transport system. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that PMTL relieved the gut microbiota disorder of the CM rats and promoted the proliferation of several beneficial bacteria, resulting in an increase in fecal short-chain fatty acids. These findings demonstrate that dietary PMTL consumption can ameliorate the development of constipation and PMTL can be considered as a great promising dietary supplement for alleviating constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14203535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T07:33:50Z","timestamp":1760686430000},"page":"3535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Consumption of Dietary Premna microphylla Turcz Leaf Alleviates Functional Constipation via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Aquaporins Transport System in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daoyuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingbin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i8.1261","article-title":"Functional Constipation in Children: What Physicians Should Know","volume":"29","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616663439","article-title":"Management of chronic constipation in adults","volume":"5","author":"Krogh","year":"2017","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03724-2","article-title":"Constipation: A Neglected Condition in Older Emergency Department Patients","volume":"19","author":"Salvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.005","article-title":"Relationship Between Microbiota of the Colonic Mucosa vs. Feces and Symptoms, Colonic Transit, and Methane Production in Female Patients with Chronic Constipation","volume":"150","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikarashi, N., Kon, R., and Sugiyama, K. (2016). Aquaporins in the Colon as a New Therapeutic Target in Diarrhea and Constipation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071172"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014407","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Gut Motility and Constipation","volume":"8","author":"Dimidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.073197","article-title":"The role of glial cells and apoptosis of enteric neurones in the neuropathology of intractable slow transit constipation","volume":"55","author":"Bassotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6500-x","article-title":"Reduced expression of serotonin receptor(s) in the left colon of patients with colonic inertia","volume":"46","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000007812","article-title":"Plasma cholecystokinin, plasma peptide YY and gallbladder motility in patients with slow transit constipation: Effect of intestinal stimulation","volume":"62","author":"Mollen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-004-0246-3","article-title":"Aquaporins in the digestive system","volume":"37","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213371.79300.a8","article-title":"The enteric nervous system in chagasic and idiopathic megacolon","volume":"31","author":"Iantorno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10631","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010631","article-title":"Chronic constipation: A review of literature","volume":"97","author":"Forootan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.03.214","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacological Management of Chronic Idiopathic Constipation","volume":"164","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.07.008","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of constipation: What is new?","volume":"8","author":"Pohl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00132H","article-title":"Protective effect of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) fruit against diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice through the modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.102186","article-title":"Impact of Premna microphylla Turcz Leaf Water Extracts on the Properties of Gelatin-Carrageenan Edible Film and Its Application in Cherry Tomatoes Storage","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2018.07.002","article-title":"Pharmacognostical studies of Premna microphylla","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.074","article-title":"Characterizations of a pectin extracted from Premna microphylla turcz and its cold gelation with whey protein concentrate at different pHs","volume":"139","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2018.12.007","article-title":"Preparation of a renewable biomass carbon aerogel reinforced with sisal for oil spillage clean-up: Inspired by green leaves to green Tofu","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124151","article-title":"A novel self-crosslinked gel microsphere of Premna microphylla turcz leaves for the absorption of uranium","volume":"404","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111316","article-title":"On the gelation of Premna microphylla turcz extracts: The effects of supernatant and precipitate of plant ash suspension","volume":"156","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14506","article-title":"Effect of Premna microphylla turcz leaves\u2019 extract addition on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of packed tofu by lactic fermentation","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, L., Wang, N., Zhao, Y., Ren, D., and Yang, X. (2024). Dietary Pectin from Premna microphylla Turcz Leaves Prevents Obesity by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13142248"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.Y., Gao, Y., and Lai, P.X. (2017). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030381"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114208","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Premna microphylla turcz ameliorate inflammation via the enhancement of intestinal resistance in host","volume":"276","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129164","article-title":"Premna microphylla Turcz leaf pectin exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"349","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.076","article-title":"Premna microphylla Turcz pectin protected UVB-induced skin aging in BALB\/c-nu mice via Nrf2 pathway","volume":"215","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.030","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanofilms using extracted pectin of Premna microphylla Turcz leaves and carboxymethyl cellulose","volume":"209","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.12.068","article-title":"Chemical and nutritional characterization of Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) grains: A good alternative to nutritious food","volume":"280","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K., Dhua, S., Sahu, P.P., Abate, G., Mishra, P., and Mastinu, A. (2021). Variation in Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Volatile Composition of Pomelo Fruit (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) during Seasonal Growth and Development. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091941"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.07.012","article-title":"Improved Diagnostic Criteria for Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO06067A","article-title":"Incremental Effects of Eurotium cristatum Fermentation of Soybean on Its Nutrients, Flavor Profile and Laxative Regulation in Experimental Constipated Rats","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110372647","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of aqueous extract of Aloe ferox Mill. in loperamide-induced constipated rats","volume":"30","author":"Wintola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11825","DOI":"10.1021\/jf404160e","article-title":"Stachyose-enriched \u03b1-galacto-oligosaccharides regulate gut microbiota and relieve constipation in mice","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.015","article-title":"Renal improvement by zinc in diabetic mice is associated with glucose metabolism signaling mediated by metallothionein and Akt, but not Akt2","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17501","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02473E","article-title":"Consumption of post-fermented Jing-Wei Fuzhuan brick tea alleviates liver dysfunction and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in high fructose diet-fed mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13014","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02415B","article-title":"Heimao Tea Polysaccharides Ameliorate Obesity via Enhancing Gut Microbiota-Dependent Adipocytes Thermogenesis in Mice Fed with High Fat Diet","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108929","article-title":"Effect of okra fruit powder supplementation on metabolic syndrome and gut microbiota diversity in high fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"389","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS 10506 supplementations increase SCFA of women with functional constipation","volume":"11","author":"Kusumo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Linking Diet, the Microbiome and Immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7565","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100434e","article-title":"Inhibition of the mechanical activity of mouse ileum by cactus pear (Opuntia Ficus Indica, L., Mill.) fruit extract and its pigment indicaxanthin","volume":"58","author":"Baldassano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2009","article-title":"Component analysis of Puerh and its anti-constipation effects","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.12.001","article-title":"Effects of Ficus carica paste on loperamide-induced constipation in rats","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114761","article-title":"Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Blossom Soluble Dietary Fiber Synergia Polyphenol Improving Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice via Regulating Stem Cell Factor\/C-kit, NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiota","volume":"192","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Hu, Y., Tao, Y., Liu, S., Chen, H., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Sheng, J., Tian, Y., and Fan, Y. (2022). Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Aqueous Extract Ameliorates Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice by Promoting Gastrointestinal Motility and Regulating the Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1017804"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Xiang, Z., Wang, X., He, H., Xu, M., Tan, C., Wu, X., Zhang, J., and Dong, W. (J. Adv. Res., 2025). Metformin Attenuates Colitis via Blocking STAT3 Acetylation by Reducing Acetyl-CoA Production, J. Adv. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.03.058"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2000.00198.x","article-title":"Slow transit constipation: A model of human gut dysmotility. Review of possible aetiologies","volume":"12","author":"Knowles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8235","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0939","article-title":"Immunocytochemical identification of VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors in normal and neoplastic human tissues with subtype-specific antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Schulz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"363","article-title":"The relationship between substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and abnormal gastrointestinal transite","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Univ. (Med. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110569","article-title":"Dietary synbiotic ameliorates constipation through the modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolic function","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.4.457","article-title":"Endogenous somatostatin and the gut","volume":"27","author":"Lucey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00375-4","article-title":"Dietary Fibre in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0062","article-title":"Manipulation of intestinal dysbiosis by a bacterial mixture ameliorates loperamide-induced constipation in rats","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2643","article-title":"mRNA expression of aquaporin protein 1 and 7 in rat model of slow transit constipation (STC)","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G856","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.3.G856","article-title":"Aquaporin-2, a regulated water channel, is expressed in apical membranes of rat distal colon epithelium","volume":"281","author":"Gallardo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R779","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00218.2002","article-title":"Distribution of aquaporins in the colon of Octodon degus, a South American desert rodent","volume":"283","author":"Gallardo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G463","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.279.2.G463","article-title":"Colon water transport in transgenic mice lacking aquaporin-4 water channels","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00031F","article-title":"Effects of different oligosaccharides at various dosages on the composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in mice with constipation","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.054","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Adult and Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2278155","article-title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Relieving Constipation: Mechanism, Clinical Application, Challenge, and Opportunity","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103502","article-title":"Structural characterization of a water-soluble purple sweet potato polysaccharide and its effect on intestinal inflammation in mice","volume":"61","author":"Gou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0649-5","article-title":"Endogenous murine microbiota member Faecalibaculum rodentium and its human homologue protect from intestinal tumour growth","volume":"5","author":"Zagato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2015.06.004","article-title":"Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin production genes from patient samples using an automated extraction platform and multiplex real-time PCR","volume":"29","author":"Chiefari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.01.029","article-title":"Aerococcus urinae: An Emerging, Gram-Positive Pathogen Causing Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"137","author":"Maezawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.01.005","article-title":"Gut microbial and short-chain fatty acid profiles in adults with chronic constipation before and after treatment with lubiprostone","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, H., Masutomi, H., Yamauchi, Y., Ishihara, K., and Fukuda, S. (2025). Effectiveness of Personalized Granola Tailored to the Gut Microbiota for Improving Gut Environment and Mood States. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1607918"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/20\/3535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1760688863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/20\/3535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14203535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14203535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}