{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:50:02Z","timestamp":1777895402490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["554724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["554724"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional diets based on diverse edible plants are increasingly threatened by climate change, which exposes crops to abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, soil salinity, UV radiation, microorganisms, and insect herbivory. Understanding how these conditions influence both the nutritional and nutraceutical profiles, as well as the availability of key compounds, is essential to preserve their functional value. Piper auritum Kunth, used in Mexican gastronomy, was selected to assess two abiotic stress scenarios: drought stress (DS) and salicylic acid (SA) to simulate plant defense against pathogens and\/or predators. We evaluated proximate composition, dietary fiber, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWCs), monomeric composition, and essential oil volatiles. Additionally, the simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST) with an additional rat small-intestine extract (RSIE) revealed that both SA and DS shifted sugar distribution, especially for soluble and structural pools. SA treatment correlated with synthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly oxygenated and hydrocarbon terpenes. Both abiotic stressors modulated LMWC release during digestion, altering the distribution of sugars such as raffinose and galacturonic acid, with potential prebiotic implications. Essential oil analysis revealed stress-specific shifts in volatile composition, particularly in safrole, \u03b2-caryophyllene, and related terpenes. Beyond individual compound changes, the combined evaluation of composition, antioxidant properties, and volatile profile provides a comprehensive view of how abiotic stress can reshape the functional potential of P. auritum. To our knowledge, this is the first report on LMWC relative abundance across INFOGEST stages for a quelite species and on the integrated effect of DS and SA on its chemical profile. These findings highlight the importance of including compound release and functional traits, alongside chemical characterization, in future assessments of traditional plants under climate-related stress to safeguard their contribution to sustainable diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14203543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:29:17Z","timestamp":1760711357000},"page":"3543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Abiotic Stress Alters the Nutritional, Metabolomic, and Glycomic Profiles of Piper auritum Kunth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Chico-Peralta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey C.P. 64849, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6847-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Villamiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Qu\u00edmica y Funcionalidad de Carbohidratos y Derivados, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) CEI (CSIC + UAM), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola Isabel","family":"Angulo-Bejarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey C.P. 64849, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8608-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurea K.","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey C.P. 64849, NL, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF), and World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, September 14). Report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund and the World Health Organization on Food Security and Nutrition Data and Statistics (E\/CN.3\/2025\/17). United Nations Statistical Commission, 56th Session. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/UNSDWebsite\/statcom\/session_56\/documents\/2025-17-FoodSecurityNutrition-E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-021-00318-5","article-title":"Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Food Security: A Global Perspective\u2014A Review Article","volume":"10","author":"Muluneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13259","article-title":"Altered Leaf Elemental Composition with Climate Change Is Linked to Reductions in Photosynthesis, Growth and Survival in a Semi-Arid Shrubland","volume":"108","author":"Prieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francini, A., Giro, A., and Ferrante, A. (2019). Biochemical and Molecular Regulation of Phenylpropanoids Pathway under Abiotic Stresses. Plant Signaling Molecules: Role and Regulation Under Stressful Environments, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816451-8.00011-3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5hlberg, M.K. (2025). Wild Edible Plants: Ensuring Sustainable Food Security in an Era of Climate Change. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14091611"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2023.101302","article-title":"The Need to Include Wild Foods in Climate Change Adaptation Strategies","volume":"63","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536118000408","article-title":"Famine Foods and Food Security in the Northern Maya Lowlands: Modern Lessons for Ancient Reconstructions","volume":"30","author":"Dine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-022-01039-1","article-title":"Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Quelites Consumed by Indigenous Communities in the Municipality of Juquila Vijanos, Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico","volume":"78","author":"Meneses","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Jim\u00e9nez, A.K., Dom\u00ednguez-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Peralta, A.C., and Mariscal-Moreno, R.M. (2025). Quelites: A Nutritional and Functional Food for Use in Dietary Therapy. Improving Health and Nutrition Through Functional Foods: Benefits and Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-21874-3.00010-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-012-9207-2","article-title":"El Horno Bajo Tierra (P\u00edib) en las Tierras Bajas Mayas: El An\u00e1lisis Etnobot\u00e1nico Apoya su Uso Temprano","volume":"66","author":"Salazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.02.035","article-title":"Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Assessment of Piper auritum Kunth Leaves Provides Hints for Its Ethnomedical Bioactivity","volume":"180","author":"Iglesias","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-021-02131-1","article-title":"Biotic Elicitors: A Boon for the in vitro Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites","volume":"149","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, R., Wang, L., Qiu, D., Zhang, X., ul Malook, S., Maqbool, S., Hafeez, M., Karunarathna, S.C., and Suwannarach, N. (2022). Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060844"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117866","article-title":"Analytical Implications of Different Methods for Preparing Plant Cell Wall Material","volume":"261","author":"Fangel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"FAO (2021). Climate Change, Biodiversity and Nutrition Nexus\u2014Evidence and Emerging Policy and Programming Opportunities, FAO."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1","article-title":"INFOGEST Static In Vitro Simulation of Gastrointestinal Food Digestion","volume":"14","author":"Brodkorb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110054","article-title":"In vitro Digestion of Polysaccharides: INFOGEST Protocol and Use of Small Intestinal Extract from Rat","volume":"140","author":"Villamiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133466","article-title":"Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Natural Carbohydrates\u2014An Overview of Methods","volume":"394","author":"Cybulska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.142977","article-title":"Development of a Comprehensive Food Glycomic Database and Its Application: Associations between Dietary Carbohydrates and Insulin Resistance","volume":"473","author":"Suarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"AOAC International (2019). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2019","article-title":"Phenolics and Antioxidative Activities in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"85","author":"Oomah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.11.039","article-title":"Modification of Citrus and Apple Pectin by Power Ultrasound: Effects of Acid and Enzymatic Treatment","volume":"38","author":"Montilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000220w","article-title":"Assessing Antioxidant and Prooxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"48","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Hern\u00e1ndez, Y., Villa-Ruano, N., Cruz-Duran, R., Becerra-Mart\u00ednez, E., and Lozoya-Gloria, E. (2022). 1H-NMR Metabolomics Profiling and Volatile Content of \u2018Hoja Santa\u2019 (Piper auritum Kunth): A Millenary Edible Plant Consumed in Mexico. Chem. Biodivers., 19.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200667"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, H., Wang, Y., Xie, H., Qiu, C., Zhang, S., Xiao, J., Li, H., Chen, L., Li, X., and Ding, Z. (2020). Drought Stress Triggers Proteomic Changes Involving Lignin, Flavonoids and Fatty Acids in Tea Plants. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72596-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113381","article-title":"Water Deficit Stress Changes in Drug Yield, Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Essential Oil Quality and Quantity of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.)","volume":"164","author":"Mumivand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0400056","article-title":"Estimation of Scavenging Activity of Phenolic Compounds Using the ABTS\u2022+ Assay","volume":"52","author":"Nenadis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Hern\u00e1ndez, Y., Lozoya-Gloria, E., Becerra-Mart\u00ednez, E., and Villa-Ruano, N. (2023). Nutraceutical Potential of Seven \u201cQuelites\u201d Harvested in the Northern Highlands of Puebla-M\u00e9xico. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9010018"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109436","article-title":"Salicylic Acid Foliar Application Increases Biomass, Nutrient Assimilation, Primary Metabolites and Essential Oil Content in Achillea millefolium L.","volume":"270","author":"Gorni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moncada, E., Bulut, N., Li, S., Johnson, T., Hamaker, B., and Reddivari, L. (2024). Dietary Fiber\u2019s Physicochemical Properties and Gut Bacterial Dysbiosis Determine Fiber Metabolism in the Gut. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152446"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.03.004","article-title":"The Effect of Drought Stress on the Expression of Key Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Triterpenoid Saponins in Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)","volume":"103","author":"Nasrollahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112990","article-title":"Phytochemical and Physiological Response of Satureja hortensis L. to Different Irrigation Regimes and Chitosan Application","volume":"158","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.078","article-title":"Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Piper auritum and Porophyllum ruderale","volume":"142","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvx126","article-title":"Plant Flavonoid Content Modified by Domestication","volume":"46","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"198","article-title":"Chitosan-Induced Production of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Extracts of Piper auritum, and the in vitro Fungicidal Activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae","volume":"39","author":"Asselin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Fitopatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.114231","article-title":"Differentiated Response of Hypericum perforatum to Foliar Application of Selected Metabolic Modulators: Elicitation Potential of Chitosan, Selenium, and Salicylic Acid Mediated by Redox Imbalance","volume":"227","author":"Dresler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kianersi, F., Abdollahi, M.R., Mirzaie-Asl, A., Dastan, D., and Rasheed, F. (2020). Identification and Tissue-Specific Expression of Rutin Biosynthetic Pathway Genes in Capparis spinosa Elicited with Salicylic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65815-2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2020.110784","article-title":"Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid Lead to Contrasting Effects on the Plant\u2019s Metabolome and Herbivory","volume":"303","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2011.05.005","article-title":"Salicylic Acid Regulates Sugar Metabolism That Confers Tolerance to Salinity Stress in Cucumber Seedlings","volume":"129","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70332","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70332","article-title":"Advancements in Water-Saving Strategies and Crop Adaptation to Drought: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"177","author":"Padilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8064","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013948","article-title":"Raffinose Synthase Enhances Drought Tolerance through Raffinose Synthesis or Galactinol Hydrolysis in Maize and Arabidopsis Plants","volume":"295","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13324","article-title":"The Arabidopsis UDP-Glycosyltransferases UGT79B2 and UGT79B3 Contribute to Cold, Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance via Modulating Anthocyanin Accumulation","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Gao, J., Sun, X., Liang, Y., Ye, M., Liang, D., Ling, C., and Fang, B. (2024). Characterization of Polysaccharides from Fresh Tea Leaves in Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Gut Microbiome Fermentation. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13101561"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Q., Hu, H., Fan, B., Zhu, C., and Chen, Z. (2021). Biosynthesis and Roles of Salicylic Acid in Balancing Stress Response and Growth in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111672"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borniego, M.L., Molina, M.C., Guiam\u00e9t, J.J., and Martinez, D.E. (2020). Physiological and Proteomic Changes in the Apoplast Accompany Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01635"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekvapil, J., Sumczynski, D., Salek, R.N., and Bu\u010dkov\u00e1, M. (2024). The Release of Organic Acids and Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates from Matcha Tea after in vitro Digestion. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234058"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109322","article-title":"In Vitro Fermentation of Raffinose to Unravel Its Potential as Prebiotic Ingredient","volume":"126","author":"Amorim","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-016-0034-6","article-title":"Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties, and \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibition Effects of Triterpene Saponins from Piper auritum","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2017.06.014","article-title":"Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid Are Able to Modify Cell Wall but Only Salicylic Acid Alters Biomass Digestibility in the Model Grass Brachypodium distachyon","volume":"263","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rumpf, J., Burger, R., and Schulze, M. (2023). Statistical Evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin\u2013Ciocalteu Assays to Assess the Antioxidant Capacity of Lignins. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 233.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123470"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ninkuu, V., Zhang, L., Yan, J., Fu, Z., Yang, T., and Zeng, H. (2021). Biochemistry of Terpenes and Recent Advances in Plant Protection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115710"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04739","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity\/Capacity Measurement. 1. Classification, Physicochemical Principles, Mechanisms, and Electron Transfer (ET)-Based Assays","volume":"64","author":"Apak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.04.037","article-title":"Different Radical Scavenging Tests in Virgin Olive Oil and Their Relation to the Total Phenol Content","volume":"593","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/20\/3543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:04:34Z","timestamp":1760713474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/20\/3543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14203543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14203543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}