{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:42:58Z","timestamp":1783572178416,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agriculture Research Development Agency","award":["PRP6605030970\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRP6605030970\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Fund, Chiang Mai University","award":["129\/2568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129\/2568"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University, Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stelechocarpus burahol (kepel) is valued for its aromatic fruits and medicinal leaves, yet its genomic and phytochemical features remain poorly characterized. This study estimated the nuclear DNA content of kepel leaves at 3.96 pg per haploid genome (genome size: 3873 Mbp) and comprehensively profiled their bioactive metabolites. Leaf extracts prepared with water and 70% ethanol, with or without pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment, were analyzed using HPLC-MS, UHPLC-QTOF-MS, HPLC-DAD, and GC-MS. Leaf extracts showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, with PEF markedly improving ethanolic extraction efficiency. A total of 72 phenolics, 2 tocopherols, 3 tocotrienols, and several novel vitamin E derivatives were detected, alongside abundant catechins, tannic acid, and gallic acid. PEF significantly enhanced catechin recovery: catechin (C) increased from 153.7 to 846.8 mg\/g and epicatechin (EC) from 338.2 to 921.4 mg\/g in water extracts, while ethanolic extracts rose from 335.3 to 905.1 mg\/g (C) and 245.0 to 616.9 mg\/g (EC). Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), absent in untreated leaves, reached 799.9 mg\/g in water and 231.9 mg\/g in ethanol extracts after PEF. In fruits, PEF reduced phenolic recovery in water extracts (C: 236.7 \u2192 136.8 mg\/g; EC: 135.4 \u2192 118.2 mg\/g; EGCG: 2892.2 mg\/g \u2192 undetectable), but slightly improved ethanolic extracts (C: 237.8 \u2192 289.4 mg\/g). GC-MS identified 19 volatile compounds contributing to the fruit\u2019s aroma. This work provides the first integrated report of kepel genome size and phytochemical composition, highlighting PEF as a promising strategy to enhance leaf catechin extraction and supporting kepel\u2019s potential as a functional food and medicinal resource.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14203569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:44:10Z","timestamp":1760957050000},"page":"3569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genome Characterization of Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. &amp; Thomson \u201cKepel\u201d and Exploration of Phytochemicals from Water and Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Fruits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Onsaya","family":"Kerdto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pimpisid","family":"Koonyosying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narisara","family":"Paradee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunhawit","family":"Junrungsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nopphadol","family":"Chalortham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pheravut","family":"Wongsawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5061-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artit","family":"Yawootti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amorntip","family":"Wongmuangsinghanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golden\u2014T Siam Company Limited, Pai, Maehongsorn 58130, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somdet","family":"Srichairatanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s001220051440","article-title":"Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship as revealed by inter-simpl sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism in the genus Oryza","volume":"100","author":"Joshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theor. 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