{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:27:02Z","timestamp":1784550422779,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perilla frutescens, \u201cNga-Kee-Mon\u201d in Thai, is a high-nutritional-value plant. This study aims to identify the phytochemicals, apoptosis induction and immunomodulating activities of the perilla seed extract (PSE) and highlight the high pharmaceutical value of perilla. The phytochemical profile of PSE was characterized using HPLC. Antioxidant capacity was studied using DPPH assay. Apoptosis was confirmed by morphological changes and DNA fragmentation of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). Immunomodulating activity was studied in an LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). PSE had high levels of TPC (375.04 \u00b1 11.45 mg GAE\/g) and TFC (223.45 \u00b1 16.02 mg QE\/g) with strong radical scavenging capacity (312.87 \u00b1 12.98 mg TE\/100 g). Rosmarinic acid (0.116 g%) and luteolin (0.010 g%) were the major phytochemicals. PSE at 50 \u00b5g\/mL, equivalent to 0.85 and 0.08 \u00b5g\/mL of rosmarinic acid and luteolin, respectively, caused morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation within 24 h. PSE at 200 \u00b5g\/mL, equivalent to 3.38 and 0.30 \u00b5g\/mL of rosmarinic acid and luteolin, respectively, had significant inhibitory activity on IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 secretion. These results demonstrate that PSE has high antioxidant capacity, with rosmarinic acid and luteolin as the major phytochemicals. It can trigger apoptosis in HT-29 cells and has immunomodulatory effects. These findings highlight the potential of perilla seed extract as a promising natural source for therapeutic applications related to oxidative stress, cancer prevention, and immune modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14213685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"3685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Apoptosis Induction and Immunomodulating Activities of Nga-Kee-Mon (Perilla frutescens) Seed Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pongsathorn","family":"Dhumtanom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbs and Functional Products Research Unit, Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurak","family":"Wongta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wantida","family":"Chaiyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center of Deep Technology in Beekeeping and Bee Products for Sustainable Development Goals: SMART BEE SDGs, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.028","article-title":"Structural characterization of phenolic antioxidants from purple Perilla frutescens (var. acuta) leaves","volume":"148","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14010133","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracted from Perilla frutescens varieties","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2298","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Perilla frutescens leaf extract on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. 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