{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:30:28Z","timestamp":1761975028401,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breastfeeding based on the use of follow-on milk may contain traces of xenobiotic elements that could pose a risk to the health of the vulnerable population for which it is intended. Fluorine is a non-essential element that, at high concentrations, can produce adverse health effects such as dental fluorosis, decreased IQ (intelligence quotient), thyroid alterations, and kidney damage. Given the vulnerability of infants and the possible presence of fluoride in this type of product, the content of this anion was determined in a total of 46 samples of follow-on milk from different brands and types (starter, follow-on, and hydrolysate formulas) using a fluoride ion-selective electrode (EWI). The highest mean concentration of fluoride was recorded in the hydrolysate formulas (3.38 \u00b1 2.78 mg\/L). The dietary intake assessment indicated that some brands of hydrolyzed formulas could pose a health risk, providing up to 94.1% of the UL (upper level) with only one 90 mL serving in the 0\u20136-month age group. It is recommended that consumers be aware of the fluoride content in the water used to prepare bottles, as it can further increase total fluoride intake and therefore pose a risk to the health of infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14213728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T03:33:07Z","timestamp":1761881587000},"page":"3728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Fluoride from Follow-On Milk Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Santiago","family":"Cerd\u00e1n-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas, Desarrollo y Calidad de Vida, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Paz-Montelongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0775-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Alejandro-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1581-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel J.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Hardisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6947-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaxiraxi","family":"de la Cruz Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Pharmacology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s A.","family":"Revelo-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Darias-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicolog\u00eda Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4693-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologia M\u00e9dica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Area of Oncology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Revert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina F\u00edsica y Farmacolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Fern\u00e1ndez-Vegue, M. (2025, April 05). Recommendations of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics on Complementary Feeding. Madrid, Spain. 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.fen.org.es\/storage\/app\/media\/publicaciones%20nueva%20web%202020\/recomendaciones_aep_sobre_alimentacio_n_complementaria_nov2018_v3_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.11.007","article-title":"Maternal Psychological Distress and Lactation and Breastfeeding Outcomes: A Narrative Review","volume":"44","author":"Nagel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.12.004","article-title":"Awareness of the Maternal Health Benefits of Lactation Among U.S. Pregnant Individuals","volume":"34","author":"Iwuagwu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01044-2","article-title":"Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?","volume":"387","author":"Rollins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_462_23","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the fluoride content in commercially available infant formulae in India: An in vitro study","volume":"41","author":"Satti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"777","article-title":"Feeding patterns and growth trajectories in breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the introduction of complementary food","volume":"36","author":"Iguacel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hosp. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14417","article-title":"Association of lactation with maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"23","author":"Morelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2022.2100761","article-title":"The cardiovascular benefits of breastfeeding to mothers","volume":"20","author":"Tschiderer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16296","article-title":"Review highlights the importance of donor human milk being available for very low birth weight infants","volume":"111","author":"Picaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"193","article-title":"Congenital candidiasis in a very low birth weight newborn","volume":"74","author":"Bustos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chil. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Prolonged Artificial Breastfeeding Associated with Oral Habits, Malocclusions and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Spanish Preschoolers: Observational Study","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"Span. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"102772","article-title":"Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)","volume":"56","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.878232","article-title":"Prebiotic Effect of an Infant Formula Supplemented with Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Randomized Multicenter Trial","volume":"33","author":"Giovannini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2017). Benefits of Artificial Breastfeeding. Systematic Review. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, University of La Coru\u00f1a]. Available online: https:\/\/ruc.udc.es\/dspace\/bitstream\/handle\/2183\/19401\/RodriguezFernandez_Ana_TFG_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kliegman, R.M., St. Geme, J.W., Blum, N.J., Shah, S.S., Tasker, R.C., and Wilson, K.M. (2020). Feeding healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Elsevier. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kellerman, R.D., Rakel, D.P., Heidelbaugh, J.J., and Lee, E.M. (2023). Normal infant feeding. Conn\u2019s Current Therapy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) (2022). Amount and Schedule of Baby Formula Feedings, AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). Available online: www.healthychildren.org\/English\/ages-stages\/baby\/formula-feeding\/Pages\/amount-and-schedule-of-formula-feedings.aspx."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511003941","article-title":"Determination of fluoride concentration in powdered milk in Iran 2010","volume":"107","author":"Ghanbarian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"371","article-title":"Fluoride exposure doses from the consumption of different types of milk in residents of an area with endemic hydrofluorosis in Mexico","volume":"89","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105315","article-title":"Fluoride exposure from infant formula and child IQ in a canadian birth cohort","volume":"134","author":"Till","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruszewska, A., \u017bwiere\u0142\u0142o, W., Sk\u00f3rka-Majewicz, M., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Wszo\u0142ek, A., Janda, K., Kulis, D., Kapczuk, P., Chlubek, D., and Gutowska, I. (2021). Modified Baby Milk-Bioelements Composition and Toxic Elements Contamination. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144184"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2003). Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, I., Jaudenes, J.R., Hardisson, A., Paz, S., Rubio, C., Guti\u00e9rrez, A.J., Burgos, A., and Revert, C. (2018). Correction to: Potentiometric Determination of Fluoride Concentration in Beers. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 181.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1191-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaudenes, J.R., Guti\u00e9rrez, \u00c1.J., Paz, S., Rubio, C., and Hardisson, A. (2020). Fluoride Risk Assessment from Consumption of Different Foods Commercialized in a European Region. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10186582"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2013). EFSA NDA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride. EFSA J., 11, 3332.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3332"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000327028","article-title":"Chronic fluoride toxicity: Dental fluorosis","volume":"22","author":"DenBesten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Maita Vilca, L. (2017). Behavior of Fluoride Concentration in Toothpastes Prescribed for Children. [Ph.D. Thesis, Alas Peruanas University]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Cobos, C., and Stefany, M. (2022). Relationship Between the Use of Fluoride Pastes and the Prevalence of Fluorosis in Pediatric Patients. [Bachellor\u2019s Thesis, University of Guayaquil]. Available online: http:\/\/repositorio.ucsg.edu.ec\/handle\/3317\/12249."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1775_18","article-title":"Prevention & control of fluorosis & linked disorders: Developments in the 21st century\u2014Reaching out to patients in the community & hospital settings for recovery","volume":"148","author":"Susheela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_94_18","article-title":"The effect of dental fluorosis on the quality of life of female high school and precollege students of high fluoride-concentrated area","volume":"8","author":"Nilchian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1762","article-title":"Dental fluorosis: The risk of misdiagnosis\u2014A review","volume":"199","author":"Hardisson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"ZC10","article-title":"Relationship Between Dental Fluorosis and Intelligence Quotient of School Going Children in and Around Lucknow District: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_201_17","article-title":"Effect of fluoride concentration in drinking water on intelligence quotient of 12\u201314-year-old children in mathura district: A cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Razdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0551-x","article-title":"Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: An updated review","volume":"18","author":"Grandjean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh, D.T. (2019). Fluoride exposure induces inhibition of sodium\/iodide symporter (NIS) contributing to impaired iodine absorption and iodine deficiency: Molecular mechanisms of inhibition and implications for public health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/6\/1086.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061086"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee, Bennekou, S.H., Allende, A., Bearth, A., Casacuberta, J., Castle, L., Coja, T., Cr\u00e9pet, A., Hoogen-boom, R., and Knutsen, H. (2025). Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure. EFSA J., 23, e9478.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9478"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"841","article-title":"Potential fluoride toxicity from oral medicaments: A review","volume":"20","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5120504","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5120504","article-title":"Black Tea Source, Production, and Consumption: Assessment of Health Risks of Fluoride Intake in New Zealand","volume":"2017","author":"Waugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02725-2","article-title":"Toxicity of fluoride: Critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses","volume":"94","author":"Guth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_850_20","article-title":"Effect of endemic fluorosis on cognitive function of school children in alappuzha district, kerala: Across sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, C., Zhang, P., Yao, X., Li, H., Chen, R., Zhang, C., and Geng, D. (2021). The cognitive impairment and risk factors of the older people living in high fluorosis areas: DKK1 need attention. BMC Public Health, 21, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8656079\/.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12310-6"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04203-7","article-title":"Effects of Fluoride Toxicity on Female Reproductive System of Mammals: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"203","author":"Fishta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"103","article-title":"Dental fluorosis: Exposure, prevention and management","volume":"14","author":"Rezende","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.10.051","article-title":"Osteosclerosis due to endemic fluorosis","volume":"373","author":"Tamer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12187","article-title":"Timing of fluoride intake and dental fluorosis on late-erupting permanent teeth","volume":"44","author":"Bhagavatula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-019-03302-0","article-title":"Skeletal fluorosis: Don\u2019t miss the diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Sellami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"IOM (Institute of Medicine) (1997). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03937-0","article-title":"Soft Drinks as a Dietary Source of Fluoride Exposure","volume":"202","author":"Hardisson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsad104","article-title":"Fluoride Determination in Milk, Soy, and Water-Based Products Using Ion-Selective Electrode and Direct Measurement Technique: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2022.05","volume":"107","author":"Erney","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alejandro-Vega, S., Ruiz-Benitez-de-Lugo, S., Hevia-Loredo, D., Paz-Montelongo, S., Hardisson, A., Rubio-Armendariz, C., Guti\u00e9rrez-Fern\u00e1ndez, \u00c1.J., and J\u00e1udenes-Marrero, J.R. (2024). Fluoride Risk Assessment of Different Brands of Coffee Commercialized in the Canary Islands. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14167400"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"IOM (2025, April 05). Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program, Dietary Risk Assessment in the WIC Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK220560\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Paz Montelongo, S., Rubio Armend\u00e1riz, C., Guti\u00e9rrez Fern\u00e1ndez, \u00c1., Revert Giron\u00e9s, C., Gonz\u00e1lez Weller, D., Caballero Mesa, J.M., and de la Torre, A.H. (2018). Evaluaci\u00f3n del Riesgo Toxicol\u00f3gico de los Alimentos: Manual de Problemas, Universidad de La Laguna."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.1.p013","article-title":"The Mann-Whitney U: A test for assessing whether two independent samples come from the same distribution","volume":"4","author":"Nachar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tutor. Quant. Methods Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Stephens, M.A. (2017). Anderson-Darling Test\u2014Wiley StatsRef Statistics Reference Online, Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power comparisons of Shapiro\u2013Wilk, Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson\u2013Darling tests","volume":"2","author":"Razali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Model. Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Shapiro, S.S. (2017). Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Normality, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"012012","article-title":"A review of normality tests for statistical analysis","volume":"1366","author":"Jamaludin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheskin, D.J. (2020). Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429186196"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"43","article-title":"A comparison of daily fluoride intakes from food samples in Japan and Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Nishijima","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"EU (European Union) (2013). REGULATION (EU) No 609\/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on food intended for infants and young children, food for special medical purposes, and total diet replacement for weight control and repealing Council Directive 92\/52\/EEC, Commission Directives 96\/8\/EC, 1999\/21\/EC, 2006\/125\/EC and 2006\/141\/EC, Directive 2009\/39\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulations (EC) No 41\/2009 and (EC) No 953\/2009. Off. J. Eur. Union, 181, 35\u201336."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"EU (European Union) (2016). Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016\/127 of 25 September 2015 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 609\/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the specific compositional and information requirements for infant formula and follow-on formula and as regards requirements on information relating to infant and young child feeding. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 59, 1\u201329."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-016-0226-z","article-title":"Fluoride levels in UK infant milks","volume":"17","author":"Bussell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-019-00502-z","article-title":"Fluoride concentration of commercially available infant formulae in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"21","author":"Agha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandio, N., John, J.R., Floyd, S., Gibson, E., Wong, D.K.Y., Levy, S.M., Heilman, J.R., and Arora, A. (2022). Fluoride Content of Ready-to-Eat Infant Foods and Drinks in Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114087"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"305","article-title":"Water and formula fluoride concentrations: Significance for infants fed formula","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb05653.x","article-title":"Fluoride content of infant formulae in Australia","volume":"41","author":"Silva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"37","article-title":"Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water","volume":"68","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2001","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"893","article-title":"A laboratory study of fluoride concentration in infant formulas marketed in Malaysia and estimation of daily intake","volume":"27","author":"Muhamad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velez-Le\u00f3n, E., Pacheco-Quito, E.-M., D\u00edaz-Dosque, M., and Tobar-Almache, D. (2023). Worldwide Variations in Fluoride Content in Beverages for Infants. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10121896"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/21\/3728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:22:35Z","timestamp":1761974555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/21\/3728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14213728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14213728","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-8158"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]}}}