{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:02:02Z","timestamp":1790564522791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Technology R & D Program of Guizhou Province","award":["[2024]065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024]065"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-MS-166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["LJKZ0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves (XBL), traditionally consumed as herbal tea, have attracted increasing attention as potential functional food ingredients for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated the anti-diabetic effects of an aqueous XBL extract in T2DM rats induced with a high-fat, high-sucrose diet combined with streptozotocin. XBL administration significantly improved glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and pancreatic and renal histopathology. Integrated 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted fecal metabolomics revealed the modulation of key metabolic pathways, including linoleic acid and histidine metabolism, and elevated production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate and propionate. XBL also enriched beneficial gut microbes including Prevotella, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group, whose abundance showed positive correlations with SCFA levels and metabolic improvements. These findings demonstrate that XBL ameliorates T2DM through gut microbiota\u2013SCFA\u2013metabolite interactions and suggest its potential as a natural, multi-target dietary strategy for metabolic health management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:14:45Z","timestamp":1762506885000},"page":"3809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge Leaves Ameliorate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Modulating Glucolipid Metabolism Through the Gut Microbiota\u2013Metabolite Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qiong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresource Utilization,  Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresource Utilization,  Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengting","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresource Utilization,  Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresource Utilization,  Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15766","article-title":"Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota","volume":"528","author":"Forslund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Magliano, D.J., and Boyko, E.J. 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