{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T04:51:41Z","timestamp":1794286301770,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200178"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200116"]}]},{"name":"Science Fund of Republic of Serbia","award":["7744714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7744714"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study characterized leaf extracts of Cymbopogon flexuosus (Ryukyu Lemongrass Corporation, Okinawa, Japan) and evaluated the bioaccessibility and bioactivities of phenolic compounds following a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal model of digestion (in vitro GID) of plant material. Undigested (controls, AqC, EtC) and digested aqueous (AqD) and ethanolic (EtD) extracts were analyzed. Control extracts contained higher total phenolics and flavonoids than digested ones, with EtC showing the highest values. UHPLC-QToF-MS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer) identified 32 compounds, including phenolic acids, flavone aglycones, C-glycosides, and derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acids, coumaric acid, caffeic esters, flavones, tricin derivatives, vitexin, and isoorientin exhibited reduced recovery, while coumaric acid hexoside, ferulic acid hexoside, and isoschaftoside\/schaftoside exceeded 100% recovery, suggesting release from the matrix. Some compounds were absent from AqD, and many were found in the pellet, indicating potential colonic metabolism. Antioxidant activity (DPPH, reducing power, \u03b2-carotene\/linoleic acid) was stronger in controls but always weaker than BHT\/ascorbic acid. Extracts mildly inhibited \u03b1-amylase but more strongly inhibited \u03b1-glucosidase as shown with applied enzyme inhibition assays, especially EtD (76.93% at a concentration of 10 mg\/mL), which showed stronger activity than controls but remained below acarbose (87.74% at 1 mg\/mL). All extracts promoted HaCaT keratinocyte growth and reduced HCT-116 colon cancer cell viability at 250 \u00b5g\/mL, with the strongest effects in AqC and AqD. Overall, GID decreased antioxidant activity but enhanced antidiabetic potential, confirming the safety and selective anticancer effects of C. flexuosus extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:59:09Z","timestamp":1763027949000},"page":"3868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Phenolic Composition and Bioactivity of Cymbopogon flexuosus Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Alimpi\u0107 Aradski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Morphology and Systematics of Plants, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2476-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijel D.","family":"Milin\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9779-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana B.","family":"Pe\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Milutinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovi\u0107a 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eisuke","family":"Kuraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905 Henoko, Nago 905-2192, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiko","family":"Touyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905 Henoko, Nago 905-2192, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danka","family":"Bukvi\u010dki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Morphology and Systematics of Plants, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.12.004","article-title":"Anticancer activity of an essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus","volume":"179","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. 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