{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:54:03Z","timestamp":1793937243607,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Key Project of Anhui Province","award":["2022AH051375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH051375"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Academic and Technical Backbone Talents","award":["2024XJGG10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XJGG10"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32572564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcodon aspratus fruiting polysaccharides (SAFP) exhibit multiple therapeutic properties. In this study, a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse model was established using a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of SAFP. Then the benefits of SAFP on glucolipid metabolism, gut barrier integrity and intestinal microbiota were evaluated. The results indicated that SAFP alleviated disturbances in glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance through activating Adenosine 5\u2032-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Furthermore, SAFP ameliorated hepatic inflammation and hepatic steatosis, as well as restored dysbiosis in hepatic function. Notably, SAFP enhanced intestinal mucosal architecture and strengthened epithelial barrier functionality through upregulated expression of tight junction components such as Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1), Claudin-1, and Occludin proteins. The 16S rRNA analysis indicated that SAFP has the potential to restore the intestinal microbial barrier in T2DM mice through elevation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations and regulation of microbial community imbalances. This research offers foundational evidence supporting the utilization of SAFP as an innovative dietary supplement or prospective prebiotic component in functional food formulations targeting diabetes management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:59:09Z","timestamp":1763027949000},"page":"3871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sarcodon aspratus Polysaccharide Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms by Regulating Intestinal Barrier and Intestinal Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dongjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haichao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China"},{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Medical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002122","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002122","article-title":"Quantifying the underestimation of projected global diabetes prevalence by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas","volume":"9","author":"Toennies","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00489-y","article-title":"Novel therapies with precision mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Perreault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.102","article-title":"Fucoidan ameliorates glucose metabolism by the improvement of intestinal barrier and inflammatory damage in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"201","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.169","article-title":"The intestinal epithelial barrier: A therapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Odenwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110124","article-title":"Carob fruit extract enriched meat, as preventive and curative treatments, improves gut microbiota and colonic barrier integrity in a late-stage T2DM model","volume":"141","author":"Garcimartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11947","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2009322","article-title":"Improvement of intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota, and metabolic endotoxemia in type 2 diabetes rats by curcumin","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S377776","article-title":"Association of lipopolysaccharide-Toll like receptor 4 signaling and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Sun, D., Yu, C., and Zhu, C. (2022). Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834485"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1605-5","article-title":"Microbiota and metabolic diseases","volume":"61","author":"Pascale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Li, Y., Li, P., Wang, M., Wang, J., Tang, Z., Wang, T., Luo, L., Wang, C., and Wang, T. (2019). Research progress in the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Biomed. Pharmacother., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109138"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhou, J., and Wang, L. (2021). Role and mechanism of gut microbiota in human disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625913"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1295","article-title":"The Effects of Exenatide and Metformin on Endothelial Function in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther. Res. Treat. Educ. Diabetes Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00963A","article-title":"Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides ameliorated obesity-induced metabolic disorders and modulated gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103641","article-title":"Attenuation of DSS induced colitis by Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide (DIP) via modulation of gut microbiota and inflammatory related signaling pathways","volume":"64","author":"Kanwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.305","article-title":"Intestinal microbes derived butyrate is related to the immunomodulatory activities of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.147","article-title":"Polysaccharide isolated from Sarcodon aspratus induces RAW264. 7 activity via TLR4-mediated NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.004","article-title":"Reduction of 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity by Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides in Lewis tumor-bearing mice","volume":"163","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.120","article-title":"Polysaccharide SAFP from Sarcodon aspratus attenuates oxidative stress-induced cell damage and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"164","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D.J., Xiang, M., Jiang, Y., Wu, F., Sun, M., Zhang, L.Z., Du, X.F., and Chen, L. (2022). The protective effect of polysaccharide SAFP from Sarcodon aspratus on water-immersion and restraint stress induced gastric ulcer and modulatory effects on gut microbiota dysbiosis. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111567"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2018). Laboratory Animal-Guideline for Ethical Review of Animal Welfare (Standard No. GB\/T 35892\u20142018)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percie Du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., and Dirnagl, U. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.153","article-title":"Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides ameliorated renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy rats by repressing inflammation and modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"163","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.2212","article-title":"Polysaccharides in fungi. XXIX. Structural features of two antitumor polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Armillariella tabescens","volume":"40","author":"Kiho","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.01.040","article-title":"Structural properties of polysaccharides from cultivated fruit bodies and mycelium of Cordyceps militaris","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131604","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/131604","article-title":"Protection Effect of Zhen-Wu-Tang on Adriamycin-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome via Inhibiting Oxidative Lesions and Inflammation Damage","volume":"2014","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.02.007","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oxymatrine in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac822","article-title":"Elevated remnant cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality","volume":"44","author":"Pedersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2015.12.026","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease severity is associated with the ratios of total cholesterol and triglycerides to high density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"292","article-title":"Modern concepts for the dynamic preservation of the liver and kidneys in the context of transplantation","volume":"40","author":"Horn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathologe."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021623","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4021623","article-title":"Visfatin induces inflammation and insulin resistance via the NF-\u03baB and STAT3 signaling pathways in hepatocytes","volume":"2019","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Nie, Y., Huang, X., Zhu, Y., Feng, B., Tang, L., and Zheng, G. (2019). Mitophagy in hepatic insulin resistance: Therapeutic potential and concerns. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01193"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0684","article-title":"Diabetes: Have we got it all wrong? Hyperinsulinism as the culprit: Surgery provides the evidence","volume":"35","author":"Pories","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2327","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Muoio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, T., Meng, X., Zhai, Y., Xie, W., Wang, R., Sun, G., and Sun, X. (2018). Gastrodin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in diabetes rat model via the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01346"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Li, J.X., Chen, H., Wang, S.Y., Tian, M.H., Wang, H.F., Huang, H.P., and Li, M.Y. (2025). Association of the inflammatory burden index with the risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01911-6"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00687G","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of a polysaccharide from Physalis pubescens L. in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.315","article-title":"An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides","volume":"153","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.95","article-title":"AMPK: Guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Herzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"R. FGF21 does not require adipocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to mediate improvements in whole-body glucose homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Mottillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3455-x","article-title":"Increased gluconeogenesis in youth with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00257F","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via activating Akt and AMPK in insulin resistance hepatocytes","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13051","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b04931","article-title":"Gymnemic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia through PI3K\/AKT- and AMPK-mediated signaling pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.04.014","article-title":"Kaempferol ameliorates hyperglycemia through suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhancing hepatic insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"58","author":"Alkhalidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.2741\/3460","article-title":"Targeting the AMPK pathway for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Viollet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12208","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b05495","article-title":"Apple polyphenol extract alleviates high fat-diet-induced hepatic steatosis in male C57BL\/6 mice by targeting LKB1\/AMPK pathway","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28528","article-title":"Targeting AMPK signaling pathway by natural products for treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"234","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107766","article-title":"Impaired intestinal barrier function in type 2 diabetic patients measured by serum LPS, zonulin, and IFABP","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.18.05589-1","article-title":"Effects of chronic exercise on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier in human with type 2 diabetes","volume":"110","author":"Pasini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3679-4","article-title":"Association of subclinical inflammation with deterioration of glycaemia before the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: The KORA S4\/F4 study","volume":"58","author":"Thorand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3318","article-title":"Hyperglycemia drives intestinal barrier dysfunction and risk for enteric infection","volume":"359","author":"Thaiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17173","article-title":"High-fat diet enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors","volume":"531","author":"Beyaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.193482","article-title":"The mucosal barrier at a glance","volume":"130","author":"France","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2617","article-title":"Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle as an early event in systemic low-grade inflammation and the development of obesity and diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Bleau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800446","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800446","article-title":"Sulfated polysaccharide from sea cucumber and its depolymerized derivative prevent obesity in association with modification of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"62","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21431","article-title":"Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between herbal medicines and gut microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.165886","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability","volume":"58","author":"Cani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1589281","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum species ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by regulating the immune response and altering gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7063","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01334B","article-title":"Effects of theabrownin on serum metabolites and gut microbiome in rats with a high-sugar diet","volume":"10","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: A double-edged sword for health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.10.039","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation for the obesity management; a systematic review of animal studies and clinical trials","volume":"52","author":"Ejtahed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/22\/3871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T05:16:56Z","timestamp":1763097416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/14\/22\/3871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["foods14223871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14223871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}