{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:32:12Z","timestamp":1791412332903,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ARC-DECRA\u2014DE220100055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARC-DECRA\u2014DE220100055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UoM-18\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UoM-18\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UoM-21\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UoM-21\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Roasting intensity and cultivar shape the physicochemical composition and sensory characteristics of date seed-based coffee alternatives. This study evaluated quality traits among eight date seed cultivars (Zahidi, Medjool, Deglet nour, Thoory, Halawi, Barhee, Khadrawy, Bau Strami) roasted at three intensities (light: 180 \u00b0C; medium: 200 \u00b0C; dark: 220 \u00b0C) using digital technologies, including near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), electronic nose (e-nose), and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), supported by machine learning (ML) modeling. NIR spectra showed distinct chemical fingerprints for date seed powders and beverages, with key absorption bands from 1673\u20132396 nm and 1720\u20131927\/2238\u20132396 nm, respectively. E-nose outputs showed higher volatile emissions in dark-roasted samples, particularly for ethanol and NH3. GC-MS identified 25 volatile compounds, mainly pyrazines and furanic compounds. Pyrazine concentration was greatest in Bau Strami and Medjool cultivars, whereas Halawi and Thoory cultivars had greater content of furfural. Two ML classification models achieved high accuracy in classifying cultivars (NIR inputs: 99%; e-nose inputs: 98%) and roasting levels, while regression models (NIR inputs: R = 0.88; e-nose inputs: R = 0.90) effectively predicted volatile aromatic compounds obtained using GC-MS. Dark roasting resulted in a significant pH reduction and intensified browning, with furfural persisting as a stable aroma contributor. These findings highlight the potential of date seeds as a coffee alternative, with roasting level and cultivar selection influencing flavor profiles. The findings also demonstrate the utility of digital sensing technologies as an efficient, low-cost tool for rapid quality assessment and process optimization in the development of novel beverages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T14:37:52Z","timestamp":1763131072000},"page":"3902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impacts of Roasting Intensity and Cultivar on Date Seed Beverage Quality Traits and Volatile Compounds Using Digital Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linghong","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Ghafoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Gonzalez Viejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Agriculture, Food and Wine Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigfredo","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Agriculture, Food and Wine Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2450-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz A. R.","family":"Suleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-00896-7","article-title":"Roasted date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera) as an alternative coffee: Chemical composition and bioactive properties","volume":"12","author":"Souda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., de Souza, T.S.P., Ahmadi, F., Imran, A., Dunshea, F.R., Barrow, C., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2023). Valorization of Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Processing Waste and By-Products: A Review. Appl. 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