{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:47:44Z","timestamp":1790999264179,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004508","name":"Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AGR6801380M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGR6801380M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Active bilayer (BL) packaging films were developed by depositing chitosan\/fish gelatin blend containing tannic acid (TA) at varying levels (1, 3, and 5%; w\/w) onto a polylactic acid layer. Augmenting TA levels enhanced strength (17.27 MPa to 27.57 MPa) but reduced flexibility (85.03% to ~38%) due to enhanced polymer cross-linking induced by TA, as confirmed by FTIR. The films exhibited exceptional UV-blocking capabilities, in which UVB protection reached 98.34% and 100% for films with 1% and 3% TA, respectively. SEM micrographs revealed uniform dispersion of TA with defect-free matrices. The antioxidant activity of the films upsurged with rising TA levels. When baby clam edible portions (BC-EP) were packed in pouches made with BL films, the pouches containing 5% TA most effectively slowed lipid oxidation and inhibited spoilage during 12 days of refrigerated storage. Total viable count, psychrotrophic bacteria count, and counts of specific spoilage organisms were decreased. Reductions in spoilage bacteria including Shewanella and Pseudomonas and dominance of lactic acid bacteria were confirmed using next-generation sequencing analysis. The release kinetics of TA followed Fickian diffusion, enabling sustained antioxidant and antimicrobial action. TA-containing pouches therefore effectively extended the shelf life of BC-EP through synergistic barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial mechanisms, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:33:04Z","timestamp":1763469184000},"page":"3934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fabrication of a Chitosan\u2013Gelatin\/Polylactic Acid Bilayer Active Film Loaded with Tannic Acid for Enhancing Shelf-Life of Refrigerated Baby Clams"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0284-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunachalasivamani","family":"Ponnusamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6597-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suriya","family":"Palamae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thummanoon","family":"Prodpran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Bio-Based Materials and Packaging Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food of Ministry and Rural Affairs, College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soottawat","family":"Benjakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"},{"name":"BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.325","article-title":"Development of active and intelligent pH food packaging composite films incorporated with litchi shell extract as an indicator","volume":"226","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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