{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:53:08Z","timestamp":1774680788066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3503803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3503803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Science and Technology Innovation Team of the Guizhou Provincial Department of Education","award":["Qian-jiao-ji (2023)071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qian-jiao-ji (2023)071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coix seed, a traditional medicinal and edible crop, is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination posing potential health risks, yet systematic risk assessments for its dual dietary and medicinal pathways remain limited. Fifty batches were collected from five major production regions in China. UPLC-MS\/MS was used to quantify eight mycotoxins in raw materials and decoctions. A Monte Carlo simulation model assessed long-term (20-year) health risks via both pathways, and acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels were derived using a combined margin of exposure (MOE) threshold of 10,000. Results indicated that mycotoxins were present in 94% of samples. Zearalenone (ZEN) was the most frequent, with an occurrence of 82% and concentrations of 52.16~1804.43 \u03bcg\/kg. Dietary exposure indicated potential risks for ZEN (MOE = 259), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, MOE = 666), and AFB2 (MOE = 8040). Six mycotoxins transferred to decoctions at rates of 0.70~19.73%, with long-term medicinal use indicating potential ZEN-related risk (MOE = 4880). Multi-mycotoxin co-exposure assessment revealed elevated dietary risk (combined MOE = 181), whereas medicinal exposure within a standard 3-month treatment course remained within acceptable limits. Safety intake thresholds are proposed: \u226430 g\/day for \u2264130 days (dietary) and \u226430 g\/day for \u22642000 days (medicinal). This study establishes a risk assessment framework applicable to herbal materials with both dietary and medicinal applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1763551047000},"page":"3965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mycotoxins Co-Exposure Risk Assessment in Coix Seed: Contamination Levels and Safety for Dietary Consumption and Medicinal Intake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5454-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2758-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanzhi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenghong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changgui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Peng, L., Yin, F., Fang, J., Cai, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Z., Zhao, Y., Zhang, S., and Sheng, H. 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