{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:23:17Z","timestamp":1793046197950,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IZS UM 02\/22 RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZS UM 02\/22 RC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in European shellfish led the European Union to request a risk assessment from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA set a reference limit of 44 \u00b5g TTX equivalents kg\u22121 and called for more data on TTX occurrence, especially in gastropods, which can accumulate in TTXs but remain poorly studied. Recently, preliminary monitoring has revealed the recurrent presence of TTXs in mussels in three areas along the North\u2013Central Adriatic coast of Italy, while research on non-bivalve organisms has not yet been carried out. This study presents a preliminary survey, conducted from January 2023 to March 2025, on the presence of TTXs in gastropods, echinoderms, and arthropods collected from this area. A method in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (HILIC-MS\/MS) for detecting TTXs in bivalve mollusks was first tested through an international proficiency test, then optimized for the other invertebrates, the object of this study. TTX levels in all gastropods and arthropod samples were undetectable, while traces (~5 \u00b5g kg\u22121) were found in one echinoderm sample (Paracentrotus lividus), marking the first reported occurrence of TTX in this species. Sea urchins are widely consumed in Italy; therefore, this finding is of particular importance from a public health perspective and deserves further investigation. Some gastropod genera or species sampled (e.g., Nassarius, Rapana venosa) have been identified as TTX carriers in other regions; therefore, the negative results obtained in this study may be related to seasonal or geographic variability. These results provide valuable data to EFSA\u2019s call for monitoring emerging risks, particularly as climate change may increase TTX prevalence in European waters as well as worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14234036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T10:46:18Z","timestamp":1764067578000},"page":"4036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Survey of Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in Gastropods, Sea Urchins, and Blue Crabs from the Adriatic Sea: First Report in Paracentrotus lividus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8957-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Bacchiocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania","family":"Siracusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4826-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Diomedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7625-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Calandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Tavoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6114-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Vivani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Cangini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine,  Viale A. Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-1317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Arcangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Losasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silva","family":"Rubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Via Modena 483, 44124 Cassana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Di Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell\u2019Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. 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Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Barchiesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Controllo Microbiologico e Chimico dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche \u201cTogo Rosati\u201d, Via Cupa di Posatora, 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7106-8","article-title":"Development and Single Laboratory Validation of an Optical Biosensor Assay for Tetrodotoxin Detection as a Tool to Combat Emerging Risks in European Seafood Rapid Detection in Food and Feed","volume":"405","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. 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