{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:09:48Z","timestamp":1788430188866,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foodborne botulism is a potentially fatal disease caused by Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). These spore-forming bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and can contaminate various food products, especially raw vegetables. During the preparation of home-made preserves, favorable conditions of anaerobiosis, temperature, salinity, and pH can lead to spore germination and toxin production. BoNTs can reach neuromuscular junctions where they block the release of acetylcholine. In this study, we present a case of foodborne botulism associated with the consumption of chili peppers preserve containing BoNT\/B. The isolated strains were characterized through Whole Genome Sequencing, confirming the strains involved in the outbreak. This work increases the understanding of the epidemiology and the ecology of C. botulinum, highlighting the importance of raising medical awareness and making timely clinical diagnoses for the effective management of botulism outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14244189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T10:35:51Z","timestamp":1765190151000},"page":"4189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Typing of Clostridium botulinum Isolated from Chili Pepper Preserves During a Botulism Outbreak"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Arnaboldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25125 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9725-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Benevenia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Monastero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Bornati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5535-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Magagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25125 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Nadia","family":"Losio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5494-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Finazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via A. 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