{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:20:55Z","timestamp":1790828455977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pod is the major solid waste from bean processing, and its accumulation is expected to increase in the coming years due to the increases in pulse consumption. This study aimed to investigate (a) the efficacy ultrasound (US)-assisted extraction of polyphenols from bean pod; (b) their solubilization rate constants and effective diffusivities (De), which are relevant parameters for scaling-up the process; and (c) the encapsulation efficiencies of the recovered phenolic compounds in hydrogel microbeads. Extracts were obtained either in water with US assistance (50\u2013350 W\u00b7L\u22121) at 30 \u00b0C; in water at 30, 45 and 60 \u00b0C; or in water\/ethanol mixtures at room temperature. Extracts were analyzed using HPLC with diode array and fluorometric detectors. The extract from US-assisted extraction, selected as the most promising treatment among those evaluated, was then encapsulated in alginate or alginate\/chitosan microbeads. Changes in the solubilization rate constants (from 0.097 to 0.480 min\u22121) and De (from 3.4\u00b710\u221211 to 4.6\u00b710\u22129 m2\u00b7s\u22121) were observed upon the application of US. Increasing the acoustic energy density was more effective at accelerating solubilization than either increasing the temperature or using ethanol as a cosolvent. Polyphenols were better encapsulated in an alginate\/chitosan matrix than in alginate alone, achieving 71% recovery of ferric reducing antioxidant power and 69% recovery of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity. The cost-effective alginate\/chitosan matrix entrapping of pod polyphenols is potentially useful in various food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1766403811000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ultrasound-Assisted Green Extraction and Hydrogel Encapsulation of Polyphenols from Bean Processing Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Beccaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8606-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Lavelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2391-9","article-title":"Bioactive Constituents in Pulses and their Health Benefits","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"OECD, and FAO (2024). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024\u20132033, FAO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smeriglio, A., Imbesi, M., Ingegneri, M., Rando, R., Mandrone, M., Chiocchio, I., Poli, F., and Trombetta, D. (2025). From Waste to Resource: Nutritional and Functional Potential of Borlotto Bean Pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060625"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304026u","article-title":"Effect of Different Production Systems on Chemical Profiles of Dwarf French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Top Crop) Pods","volume":"61","author":"Jakopic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125462","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Isoflavone Aglycones using Microwave-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis from Soybean Organs at Different Growth Times and Screening for their Digestive Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Properties","volume":"305","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pabich, M., Marciniak, B., and Kontek, R. (2021). Phenolic Compound Composition and Biological Activities of Fractionated Soybean Pod Extract. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110233"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leksawasdi, N., Taesuwan, S., Prommajak, T., Techapun, C., Khonchaisri, R., Sittilop, N., Halee, A., Jantanasakulwong, K., Phongthai, S., and Nunta, R. (2022). Ultrasonic Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Green Soybean Pods and Application in Green Soybean Milk Antioxidants Fortification. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11040588"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-022-01547-3","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Polyphenols Extracted from Pea and Broad Bean Pods Wastes","volume":"16","author":"Fendri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Meas."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seling, G.S., Rivero, R.C., Sisi, C.V., Busch, V.M., and Buera, M.P. (2025). Integrated Approach for the Optimization of the Sustainable Extraction of Polyphenols from a South American Abundant Edible Plant: Neltuma ruscifolia. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14172927"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaskova, A., and Mlcek, J. (2023). New Insights of the Application of Water or Ethanol-Water Plant Extract Rich in Active Compounds in Foods. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1118761"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13145","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13145","article-title":"Understanding Oxidants and Antioxidants: Classical Team with new Players","volume":"44","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12391","article-title":"Polyphenols in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Chemistry, Analysis, and Factors Affecting Composition","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2017.04.016","article-title":"Review of Green Food Processing Techniques. Preservation, Transformation, and Extraction","volume":"41","author":"Chemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.03.011","article-title":"Extraction of Phenolic Compounds: A review","volume":"4","author":"Alara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.065","article-title":"Oxygen Transfer in Foods Using Oxygen Luminescence Sensors: Influence of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Food Nature and Composition","volume":"123","author":"Guilbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.017","article-title":"Polyionic Hydrocolloids for the Intestinal Delivery of Protein Drugs: Alginate and Chitosan\u2014A Review","volume":"114","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.106782","article-title":"Advances on Alginate Use for Spherification to Encapsulate Biomolecules","volume":"118","author":"Bennacef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobroslavi\u0107, E., Cegledi, E., Robi\u0107, K., Elez Garofuli\u0107, I., Dragovi\u0107-Uzelac, V., and Repaji\u0107, M. (2024). Encapsulation of Fennel Essential Oil in Calcium Alginate Microbeads via Electrostatic Extrusion. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14083522"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F., Rut, A., Costa, P.C., Rodrigues, F., and Estevinho, B.N. (2025). Design of Polymeric Delivery Systems for Lycium barbarum Phytochemicals: A Spray Drying Approach for Nutraceuticals. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14203504"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.01.001","article-title":"Applications of Chitosan-Based Carrier as an Encapsulating Agent in Food Industry","volume":"120","author":"Maleki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, Z., Ijaz, M., Li, M., Woldemariam, K.Y., Wang, Z., Liu, D., Wu, C., Li, X., Zheng, Q., and Zhang, D. (2025). Impacts of Chitosan Coating on Shelf Life and Quality of Ready-to-Cook Beef Seekh Kabab During Refrigeration Storage. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223844"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrila\u0219, S., Ra\u021b, M., and Munteanu, F.-D. (2025). Biowaste Valorisation and Its Possible Perspectives Within Sustainable Food Chain Development. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13072085"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2019","article-title":"Phenolics and Antioxidative Activities in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"85","author":"Oomah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7950","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070023y","article-title":"Screening of Iron Bioavailability Patterns in Eight Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes Using the Caco-2 Cell In Vitro Model","volume":"55","author":"Blair","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.01.029","article-title":"Kinetic Modeling of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Marc: Influence of Acoustic Energy Density and Temperature","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/00986440600992511","article-title":"Comparison of Kinetic Models for the Aqueous Solid-Liquid Extraction of Tilia Sapwood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor","volume":"194","author":"Fauduet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2008.07.007","article-title":"Selective Release of Phenols from Apple Skin: Mass Transfer Kinetics during Solvent and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction","volume":"63","author":"Pinelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109952","article-title":"Encapsulation of Grape Seed Phenolics from Winemaking Byproducts in Hydrogel Microbeads\u2014Impact of Food Matrix and Processing on the Inhibitory Activity towards \u03b1-Glucosidase","volume":"133","author":"Pedrali","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fren\u021b, O.D., Duteanu, N., Teusdea, A.C., Ciocan, S., Vica\u0219, L., Jurca, T., Muresan, M., Pallag, A., Ianasi, P., and Marian, E. (2022). Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Alginate Microspheres Loaded with Quercetin. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030490"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.02.035","article-title":"Encapsulation of Purple Corn and Blueberry Extracts in Alginate-Pectin Hydrogel Particles: Impact of Processing and Storage Parameters on Encapsulation Efficiency","volume":"107","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132493","article-title":"Chitosan for Improved Encapsulation of Thyme Aqueous Extract in Alginate-Based Microparticles","volume":"270","author":"Diana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonassi, G., and Lavelli, V. (2024). Hydration and Fortification of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with Grape Skin Phenolics\u2014Effects of Ultrasound Application and Heating. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050615"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Li, W., Liang, T., Yang, Y., Zhou, R., Li, R., Xie, D., Xiang, D., Feng, S., and Chen, T. (2025). A Cascade Approach to Valorizing Camellia oleifera Abel Shell: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Coupled with Resin Purification for High-Efficiency Production of Multifunctional Polyphenols. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14101192"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuereb, M.A., Psakis, G., Attard, K., Lia, F., and Gatt, R. (2025). A Comprehensive Analysis of Non-Thermal Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Citrus Peel Waste Through a One-Factor-at-a-Time Approach. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030648"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.09.039","article-title":"A Green Utrasound-Assisted Extraction Process for the Recovery of Antioxidant Polyphenols and Pigments from Onion Solid Wastes Uing Box\u2013Behnken Experimental Design and Kinetics","volume":"77","author":"Katsampa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106742","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Pine Needles (Pinus elliottii): Comprehensive Insights from RSM Optimization, Antioxidant activity, UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS\/MS Analysis and Kinetic Model","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, G., Shen, J., Luo, J., Li, D., Tao, Y., Song, C., and Han, Y. (2022). Simultaneous Extraction and Preliminary Purification of Polyphenols from Grape Pomace using an Aqueous Two-Phase System Exposed to Ultrasound Irradiation: Process Characterization and Simulation. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.993475"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e15429","article-title":"Study of Extraction Kinetics and Characterization of Proanthocyanidin-rich Extract from Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)","volume":"45","author":"Holkem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100614","article-title":"Effect of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents on Polyphenols Extraction from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Bean Shells and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts","volume":"7","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531479","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5531479","article-title":"Influence of Sodium Alginate Concentration on Microcapsules Properties Foreseeing the Protection and Controlled Release of Bioactive Substances","volume":"2021","author":"Essifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.117960","article-title":"Development and Optimisation of Sodium Alginate and Chitosan Edible Films with Sea Fennel By-product Extract for Active Food Packaging","volume":"226","author":"Orhotohwo","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04543-5","article-title":"Preparation of Nanoparticles Loaded with Quercetin and Effects on Bacterial Biofilm and LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress in Dugesia japonica","volume":"196","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.05.117","article-title":"Microencapsulation and Storage Stability of Polyphenols from Vitis vinifera Grape Wastes","volume":"190","author":"Navarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.10.065","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Grape Skin Phenolics for pH Controlled Release of Antiglycation Agents","volume":"119","author":"Lavelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.05.034","article-title":"Structuring New Alginate Network Aimed for Delivery of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) Polyphenols Using Ionic Gelation and New Filler Materials","volume":"111","author":"Karlovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102126","article-title":"Chitosan-Alginate Hydrogels for Simultaneous and Sustained Releases of Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin and Vancomycin for Combination Therapy","volume":"61","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139128","article-title":"Chitosan-Based Dihydromyricetin Composite Hydrogel Demonstrating Sustained Release and Exceptional Antibacterial Activity","volume":"291","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/1\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:16:21Z","timestamp":1766405781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/1\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15010030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15010030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}}}