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FWT effectively ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis symptoms (reducing weight loss, colon shortening). Mechanistically, FWT suppressed TLR4\/Myd88\/NF-\u03baB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2) while upregulating tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1), MUC2, and E-cadherin. Single-cell\/spatial transcriptomics revealed that FWT treatments augment enterocyte, goblet cell, and stem cell populations, optimize goblet function, restructure stem cell differentiation, and induce epithelial REG3B (antimicrobial) and LYPD8 (motility inhibitor), plus immunomodulator GM42418 lncRNA across cell types, repairing the barrier. FWT intervention was also associated with an increase in beneficial bacteria (Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium), restoration of microbiota balance, and elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and was associated with alterations in caffeine-related metabolite profiles. Collectively, these multi-scale changes correlate with the alleviation of UC, suggesting an integrated mechanism involving mucosal barrier repair, immune\u2013stromal modulation, microbiota\u2013metabolism regulation, and cellular reprogramming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T02:07:58Z","timestamp":1766714878000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Eurotium cristatum-Fermented White Tea Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis by Multi-Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Huini","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou 363005, China"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"},{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangrui","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengshi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenquan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"699","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"87","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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