{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:17:23Z","timestamp":1794377843019,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic compound frequently detected in milk and dairy products. Its thermal stability and resistance to processing make it a persistent public health concern, especially in regions prone to fungal contamination of animal feed. This review integrates bibliometric mapping (2015\u20132025) with toxicological and mitigation perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of AFM1. The bibliometric analysis reveals a sharp global rise in research output over the last decade, with Iran, China, and Brazil emerging as leading contributors and Food Control identified as the most prolific journal. Five research clusters were distinguished: feed contamination pathways, analytical detection, toxicological risk, regulatory frameworks, and mitigation strategies. Toxicological evidence highlights AFM1\u2019s mutagenic and hepatocarcinogenic effects, intensified by co-exposure to other mycotoxins or hepatitis B infection. Although regulatory limits range from 0.025 \u00b5g\/kg in infant formula (EU) to 0.5 \u00b5g\/kg in milk (FDA), non-compliance remains prevalent in developing regions. Current mitigation approaches\u2014adsorbents (bentonite, zeolite), oxidation (ozone, hydrogen peroxide), and biological detoxification via lactic acid bacteria and yeasts\u2014show promise but require optimization for industrial application. Persistent challenges include climatic variability, inadequate feed monitoring, and heterogeneous regulations. This review emphasizes the need for harmonized surveillance, improved analytical capacity, and sustainable intervention strategies to ensure dairy safety and protect consumer health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15010166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:40:53Z","timestamp":1767602453000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mapping Global Research Trends on Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products: An Integrative Review of Prevalence, Toxicology, and Control Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marybel","family":"Abi Rizk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9127-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"},{"name":"Processing and Biosystems (ProBio) Multidisciplinary Research Group, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma P.","family":"Snini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein F.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6786-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"El Rayess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"},{"name":"Processing and Biosystems (ProBio) Multidisciplinary Research Group, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-016-0265-7","article-title":"Mycotoxins as Human Carcinogens\u2014The IARC Monographs Classification","volume":"33","author":"Ostry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110372","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase, a Novel Aflatoxin Oxidase from Bacillus Pumilus E-1-1-1: Study on the Degradation Mechanism of Aflatoxin M1 and Its Application in Milk and Beer","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901388","article-title":"Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. 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