{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:29:35Z","timestamp":1787801375070,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFA0914400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA0914400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018615","name":"Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22KJA530005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22KJA530005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018615","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Daqu quality plays a crucial role in the entire fermentation process of Baijiu. There is no empirical evidence for a scientific consensus on the storage period of Jiang-flavor Daqu and its quality evaluation. This study took Jiang-flavor Daqu from a liquor enterprise in Sichuan Province as the research object. It explored the changes in physicochemical indexes, microbial communities, and volatile flavor substances of the Daqu within 0\u2013180 days of storage. Combined with simulated brewing experiments, it analyzed the effects of different storage periods of Daqu on fermented grain fermentation and the base wine quality and clarified the metabolic differences between Daqu stored for 30 days and 180 days by means of metabolomics. The results showed that the saccharification power and fermentation power of Daqu first increased and then stabilized, reaching 205 mg\/g\u00b7h and 0.71 g\/g\u00b772, respectively, at 180 days. The microbial diversity first increased and then decreased, with Virgibacillus and Oceanobacillus alternately serving as the dominant bacteria. The flavor substances were more abundant within 60 days of storage, while the content of pyrazine compounds was the highest at 180 days. The wine yield of Daqu stored for 30 days was 2.26 times that of Daqu stored for 180 days. The brewing stage had the greatest impact on metabolites, and flavonoid synthesis was the key metabolic pathway. This study provides theoretical support for the scientific storage of Jiang-flavor Daqu and the standardization of its quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:11:21Z","timestamp":1767870681000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolution of Jiang-Flavor Daqu\u2019s Characteristics During Different Storage Stages and Influence on Simulated Brewing Fermentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongchao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guida","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2202-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, G.D., Wang, L.W., Wang, H., Chen, Z.H., Li, X., Ji, Y., Yu, J., and Song, P. 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