{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:26:36Z","timestamp":1767961596888,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF1104803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1104803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study systematically assessed the dietary exposure risks of short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) through chicken consumption in China, where these persistent organic pollutants are widely produced and used. As an important component of the Chinese diet, chicken was selected as the research matrix due to its high lipid content and potential for chlorinated paraffin bio-accumulation, while available data on these contaminants in market-sold chicken remains limited. We collected 126 representative commercial chicken samples from eight major provinces and municipalities across China and conducted precise analysis using two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC\u00d7GC-ECNI\/MS). The probabilistic exposure assessment was performed through Monte Carlo simulation, and health risks were characterized using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The results revealed mean concentrations of 95.8 ng\/g wet weight (range: 9.5\u20131542.4 ng\/g ww) for SCCPs and 156.6 ng\/g ww (range: 20.0\u20131517.9 ng\/g ww) for MCCPs in chicken samples, with Jiangsu Province exhibiting significantly higher contamination levels compared to other regions (p &lt; 0.001). The estimated mean dietary exposures through chicken consumption were 32.8 ng\/kg bw\/d for SCCPs and 52.6 ng\/kg bw\/d for MCCPs in the general Chinese population. Notably, children aged 3\u20136 years and the Consumer only showed the highest exposure levels. All calculated MOE values substantially exceeded the risk threshold of 1000, indicating no significant health concerns from current exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs through chicken consumption in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15020239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1767954952000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Assessment of Chlorinated Paraffins in Chicken Meat Across China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhujun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13136","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c02243","article-title":"Homologue Composition of Technical Chlorinated Paraffins Used in Several Countries over the Last 50 Years\u2500SCCPs Are Still Out There","volume":"57","author":"Guida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132032","article-title":"Chlorinated paraffins\u2014A historical consideration including remarks on their complexity","volume":"287","author":"Vetter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.105","article-title":"Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins\u2014A minimum scenario","volume":"573","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11282","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03096","article-title":"Trophic Magnification of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Terrestrial Food Webs and Their Bioamplification in Insects and Amphibians during Metamorphosis","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04106-z","article-title":"Environmental occurrence, human exposure routes, toxicity, and risk assessments of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs): A comprehensive review","volume":"99","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9043","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03491","article-title":"Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Foods from the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study: Occurrences and Estimates of Dietary Intakes in South China","volume":"68","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2025, October 27). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Available online: https:\/\/www.pops.int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10282","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03251","article-title":"Strengthening the Study on the Behavior and Transformation of Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in the Environment","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02681-x","article-title":"MCCP: Are medium-chain chlorinated paraffins of concern for humans?","volume":"94","author":"Zellmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134226","article-title":"Positive association between chlorinated paraffins and the risk of allergic diseases in children and adolescents","volume":"470","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c08064","article-title":"Exposure to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested case\u2013control study in Eastern China","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168192","article-title":"Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) exposure and type 2 diabetes risk: A population-based case-control study in East China","volume":"908","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115762","article-title":"The association of liver function biomarkers with internal exposure of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in residents from Jinan, China","volume":"268","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137998","article-title":"Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in serum from residents aged from 50 to 84 in Jinan, China: Occurrence, composition and association with hematologic parameters","volume":"728","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126120","article-title":"Chlorinated paraffins exposure in particulate matter increase the risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents","volume":"373","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment (2025, June 08). Announcement on Environmental Risk Control Requirements for 5 Types of Persistent Organic Pollutants such as Polychlorinated Naphthalene, Available online: https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/xxgk2018\/xxgk\/xxgk01\/202306\/t20230606_1032939.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7335","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07058","article-title":"Distribution and Emission Estimation of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Chinese Products through Detection-Based Mass Balancing","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EM00235G","article-title":"Biomonitoring, exposure routes and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in humans: A mini-review","volume":"25","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1021\/es049221l","article-title":"Risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Japan based on the first market basket study and species sensitivity distributions","volume":"39","author":"Iino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.022","article-title":"Interlaboratory studies on chlorinated paraffins: Evaluation of different methods for food matrices","volume":"234","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.022","article-title":"Dietary exposure to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in meat and meat products from 20 provinces of China","volume":"233","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J.K., Del Mazo, J., Grasl-Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L.R., and Leblanc, J.C. (2020). Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. EFSA J., 18, e05991.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.5991"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122590","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in chicken (Gallus domesticus): Comparison to fish","volume":"396","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-022-01411-y","article-title":"Phasing out live poultry market trading policy in China: Characteristics of chicken consumption, decision-making behavior, and consumer cluster analysis","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Verbrauch. Lebensm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136288","article-title":"From environment to free-range chickens: Broad exposure to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in rural Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"480","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128491","article-title":"Transfer of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins to eggs of laying hens after dietary exposure","volume":"343","author":"Marchand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.017","article-title":"Concentrations and congener group profiles of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in animal feed materials","volume":"647","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2025, June 08). 2024 China Statistical Yearbooks, Available online: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/sj\/ndsj\/2024\/indexch.htm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Wu, N., Gao, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, T., Cao, P., Chen, J., and Zhou, P. (2025). Occurrence, Homologue Profiles and Risk Assessment of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Edible Vegetable Oils. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14233988"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 10). Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241572408."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149775","article-title":"Overlooked long-chain chlorinated paraffin (LCCP) contamination in foodstuff from China","volume":"801","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04246","article-title":"Human Exposure to Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins via Mothers\u2019 Milk in Chinese Urban Population","volume":"51","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.167","article-title":"Emission inventory and provincial distribution of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China","volume":"581\u2013582","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.031","article-title":"Gridded emission inventory of short-chain chlorinated paraffins and its validation in China","volume":"220","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.05.063","article-title":"Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in cooking oil and related products from China","volume":"138","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1021\/es2041256","article-title":"Environmental occurrence and distribution of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments and soils from the Liaohe River Basin, P.R. China","volume":"46","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04657","article-title":"External Exposure to Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins for the General Population in Beijing, China","volume":"52","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"102","article-title":"Evolution characteristics, driving factors and trend prediction of poultry consumption in China","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Poult."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/2\/239\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:50:50Z","timestamp":1767955850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/2\/239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15020239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15020239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]}}}