{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:24:10Z","timestamp":1793618650541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YFD2100605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD2100605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Joint Construction Project of Southwest University and Fuling Research Institute","award":["FLYJY202407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLYJY202407"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation and Application Development Program of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0043"]}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students of Southwest University","award":["SWU25203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU25203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Constipation is a global health issue, with a prevalence of approximately 16%, and insufficient dietary fiber intake is a major contributing factor. Citrus peel residue contains a high proportion of dietary fiber, accounting for about 20\u201344% of its composition. In this study, the constipation-relieving effects of three functional components derived from citrus peel residue\u2014cellulose (CEL), pectin (PEC), and citrus peel powder (CPP)\u2014were systematically compared using a loperamide-induced mouse model. All groups were administered an equivalent dose of 200 mg\/kg daily. The results showed that supplementation with CEL, PEC, and CPP improved defecation parameters. Among these, PEC effectively modulated the SCF\/C-kit and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways. Compared with the model group, PEC increased Akkermansia abundance by approximately 34% and reduced Desulfovibrio abundance by about 26% Additionally, the smaller particle size and improved solubility of PEC promote the production of beneficial metabolites, thereby alleviating constipation. In contrast, CEL primarily alleviates constipation through its physical properties. At equivalent doses, CPP provides less constipation relief due to its lower component concentrations and a primary composition of insoluble dietary fiber. These findings provide preliminary mechanistic insights and support further exploration of citrus by-products as functional food candidates for the management of constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15020240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1767954952000},"page":"240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Cellulose, Pectin and Citrus Peel Powder in Alleviating Loperamide-Induced Constipation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Feiyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miner","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7484-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5191-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanli","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junying","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China"},{"name":"National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Hu, L., Chen, R., Yang, R., Gong, L., and Wang, J. 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