{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T23:41:08Z","timestamp":1769470868656,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yuelushan Laboratory Breeding Program","award":["YLS-2025-ZY03007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLS-2025-ZY03007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), redefined from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a global health concern driving the search for dietary interventions based on natural compounds. Phloroglucinaldehyde (PGA), a primary phenolic metabolite of the widely consumed anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) found in berries and other fruits, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its potential higher bioavailability than its parent compound. This study investigates the protective effects of PGA against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MAFLD. Using both in vitro (LO2 cells) and in vivo (C57BL\/6J mice) models, we found that PGA administration significantly attenuated body weight gain and hepatic steatosis, while reducing serum levels of TG, TC, liver transaminases (AST &amp; ALT), and insulin resistance (p &lt; 0.05). Further liver lipidomic profiling revealed that PGA supplementation specifically down-regulated 46 lipid species (p &lt; 0.05), predominantly triglycerides characterized by long-chain and very-long-chain saturated fatty acids. Mechanistically, PGA enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p &lt; 0.05) and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) (p &lt; 0.05) and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF, MCP-1) (p &lt; 0.05) and endotoxin levels (p &lt; 0.05). Correlation analyses further linked the down-regulated lipids to improvements in oxidative stress and inflammation. Our findings underscore that PGA, a key bioactive metabolite derived from dietary anthocyanins, alleviates MAFLD through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, highlighting its potential as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical for metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15030437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T12:41:16Z","timestamp":1769431276000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phloroglucinaldehyde Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced MAFLD via Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6672-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jijun","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Life Sciences and Environmental Resources, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongfu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3532-1165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shusong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2364121","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Updated Review Meta-Analysis comprising a Population of 78 million from 38 Countries","volume":"55","author":"Letafatkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00660-3","article-title":"The spatial impact of a Western diet in enriching Galectin-1-regulated Rho, ECM, and SASP signaling in a novel MASH-HCC mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Setayesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012","article-title":"The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"65","author":"Buzzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakurai, Y., Kubota, N., Yamauchi, T., and Kadowaki, T. (2021). Role of Insulin Resistance in MAFLD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084156"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420188251378318","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188251378318","article-title":"Insulin resistance as potential mediator linking ApoB\/ApoA1 to MAFLD, but not inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2025.0644","article-title":"Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","volume":"49","author":"Truong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10121-2","article-title":"How does hepatic lipid accumulation lead to lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?","volume":"15","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Han, F., and Guo, P. (2025). Reactive Oxygen Species as Key Molecules in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Future Perspectives. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060464"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.012","article-title":"Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease\u2014Novel insights into cellular communication circuits","volume":"77","author":"Peiseler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.10.031","article-title":"Liver Cancer in 2021: Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"82","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035265","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035265","article-title":"Associations of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease With Peripheral Artery Disease: Prospective Analysis in the UK Biobank and ARIC Study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16075","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of MAFLD versus NAFLD: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"44","author":"Pennisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lago-Sampedro, A., Oualla-Bachiri, W., Garc\u00eda-Serrano, S., Maldonado-Araque, C., Vald\u00e9s, S., Doulatram-Gamgaram, V., Olveira, G., Delgado, E., Chaves, F.J., and Casta\u00f1o, L. (2024). Protective Effect of High Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on the Risk of Incident Type-2 Diabetes in Subjects with MAFLD: The Di@bet.es Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213788"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107428","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide donor reduces fatty liver and obesity in mice fed a high fat diet by inhibiting de novo lipogenesis and inflammation via mTOR\/SREBP-1 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"209","author":"Stachowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakaria, Z., Othman, Z.A., Suleiman, J.B., Jalil, N.A.C., Ghazali, W.S.W., and Mohamed, M. (2021). Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Orlistat on Metabolic Syndrome and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) in Rats: Role on Nrf2 Activation. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8110274"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141470","article-title":"Integrating larval zebrafish model and network pharmacology for screening and identification of edible herbs with therapeutic potential for MAFLD: A promising drug Smilax glabra Roxb","volume":"464","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Yan, R., Jiao, J., Li, F., Zhang, H., Chang, Z., Wei, H., Yan, S., and Li, J. (2024). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398184"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.106178","article-title":"The multiple mechanisms and therapeutic significance of rutin in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01969-y","article-title":"Puerarin ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by inhibiting ferroptosis and inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7850","article-title":"Research progress of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108778","article-title":"Saskatoon berry powder reduces hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat-high sucrose diet-induced obese mice","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deepa, P., Hong, M., Sowndhararajan, K., and Kim, S. (2023). A Review of the Role of an Anthocyanin, Cyanidin-3-O-\u03b2-glucoside in Obesity-Related Complications. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12223889"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lan, W., and Chen, D. (2024). Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Anthocyanins and Their Functions, Stability, Bioavailability, and Applications. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13172851"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redha, A.A., Kodikara, C., and Cozzolino, D. (2024). Does Encapsulation Improve the Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Humans? A Concise Review Based on In Vivo Human Studies. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213625"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"128730","article-title":"Chokeberry anthocyanins and their metabolites ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier","volume":"346","author":"Topolska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2123444","article-title":"Anti-aging effects and mechanisms of anthocyanins and their intestinal microflora metabolites","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114076","article-title":"Plasma anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce in vitro migration of pancreatic cancer cells, PANC-1, in a FAK- and NF-kB dependent manner: Results from the ATTACH-study a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in healthy subjects","volume":"158","author":"Mostafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01608D","article-title":"Comparison of the hepatoprotection of intragastric and intravenous cyanidin-3-glucoside administration: Focus on the key metabolites and gut microbiota modulation","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238959","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2238959","article-title":"Protection against Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease by Protocatechuic Acid","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.06.001","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of blue honeysuckle extract on high-fat-diet-induced fatty liver in mice","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114824","article-title":"Enzymatic acylation of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside with aromatic and aliphatic acid methyl ester: Structure-stability relationships of acylated derivatives","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2384646","article-title":"Nanoliposomes a future based delivery vehicle of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside against major chronic disease","volume":"65","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140446","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of nanocapsules loaded with roselle anthocyanins extract and enhancement of anthocyanins bioaccessibility","volume":"459","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140152","article-title":"Anthocyanin-loaded milk-derived extracellular vesicles nano-delivery system: Stability, mucus layer penetration, and pro-oxidant effect on HepG2 cells","volume":"458","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"101","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and their metabolites in humans","volume":"171","author":"Czank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Li, Y., Hou, D.-X., and Wu, S. (2019). The Effects and Mechanisms of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside and Its Phenolic Metabolites in Maintaining Intestinal Integrity. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100479"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101466","article-title":"Hippuric acid: Could became a barometer for frailty and geriatric syndromes?","volume":"72","author":"Balducci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04396G","article-title":"Protocatechuic acid alleviates TMAO-aggravated atherosclerosis via mitigating inflammation, regulating lipid metabolism, and reshaping gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2108","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.2108","article-title":"Fisetin is a selective adenosine triphosphate-competitive inhibitor for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00635-5","article-title":"Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease in individuals of normal weight","volume":"19","author":"Eslam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_253_23","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of lean metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the impact of concurrent diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X","article-title":"Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Quek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcbel, R., Nonnenmacher, T., Sookthai, D., Maldonado, S.G., Sowah, S.A., von Stackelberg, O., Schlett, C.L., Grafetst\u00e4tter, M., Nabers, D., and Johnson, T. (2019). Similar Weight Loss Induces Greater Improvements in Insulin Sensitivity and Liver Function among Individuals with NAFLD Compared to Individuals without NAFLD. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030544"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114020","article-title":"SFAs facilitates ceramide\u2019s de novo synthesis via TLR4 and intensifies hepatocyte lipotoxicity","volume":"147","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Huang, C., Li, X., Shangguan, Z., Wei, W., Liu, S., Yang, S., and Liu, Y. (2020). HFD and HFD-provoked hepatic hypoxia act as reciprocal causation for NAFLD via HIF-independent signaling. BMC Gastroenterol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01515-5"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tutino, V., De Nunzio, V., Donghia, R., Caruso, E.A., Cisternino, A.M., Iacovazzi, P.A., Mastrosimini, A.M., Fernandez, E.A., Giannuzzi, V., and Notarnicola, M. (2024). Significant Increase in Oxidative Stress Indices in Erythrocyte Membranes of Obese Patients with Metabolically-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030315"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600858","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600858","article-title":"Polyphenols from Lonicera caerulea L. berry attenuate experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines productions and lipid peroxidation","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2024.2395851","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory diet reduces risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among US adults: A nationwide survey","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948351","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate\/microRNA-1249-5p\/MCP-1 axis is involved in macrophage-associated inflammation in fatty liver injury in mice","volume":"50","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirone, L., Overi, D., Carpino, G., Carnevale, R., De Falco, E., Nocella, C., D\u2019amico, A., Bartimoccia, S., Cammisotto, V., and Castellani, V. (2024). Oleuropein, a Component of Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Improves Liver Steatosis and Lobular Inflammation by Lipopolysaccharides-TLR4 Axis Downregulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115580"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0919-4","article-title":"Dietary \u03c9-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid increases inflammation, but inhibits ECM protein expression in COPD","volume":"19","author":"Rutting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100113","article-title":"Omega-3 versus Omega-6 fatty acid availability is controlled by hydrophobic site geometries of phospholipase A2s","volume":"62","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442351","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2024.2442351","article-title":"Quercetin alleviates metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by tuning hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1571114","article-title":"Mechanisms of beneficial effects of exercise training on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Farzanegi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/3\/437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T13:12:44Z","timestamp":1769433164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/3\/437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15030437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15030437","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]}}}