{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1793702256828,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Province International Joint Research and Development Center for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals","award":["202403AP140012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403AP140012"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology","award":["202449CE340019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202449CE340019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent carcinogen, is widely present in various crops, with limited prevention and treatment methods, continuously threatening food safety and public health. Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, triterpenes, and volatile oils, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. However, its specific effects and underlying mechanisms against AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the alleviative effect of MOLE on AFB1 hepatotoxicity and its molecular mechanisms. In AFB1-induced mouse-liver tissue and hepatocyte models, MOLE significantly reduced the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Data indicated that MOLE treatment markedly suppressed AFB1-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while enhancing antioxidant indicators such as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione (GSH). Network pharmacology identified 50 bioactive components in MOLE and revealed 78 common targets with AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity. Protein\u2013protein interaction analysis identified 10 core targets. Key active compounds included naringenin, quercetin, and luteolin. GO and KEGG enrichment results were closely associated with ROS-related pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinity between MOLE components and core targets, particularly with PPARG. Mechanistically, MOLE significantly increased PPAR\u03b3 protein levels and upregulated Nrf2 protein expression. It also enhanced the mRNA expression of HO-1, SOD, NQO1, CAT, and GPX1 and improved cellular total antioxidant capacity. Crucially, inhibiting PPAR\u03b3 abolished the protective effects of MOLE and reversed its promotion of Nrf2. In conclusion, MOLE alleviates liver injury by binding to PPAR\u03b3 to activate the Nrf2 pathway, thereby inhibiting AFB1-induced ROS accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15040616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:42:42Z","timestamp":1770640962000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Alleviates AFB1-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Through the PPAR\u03b3\/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minglu","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongmin","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Teaching Demonstration Center of the Basic Experiments of Agricultural Majors, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13850","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13850","article-title":"Research progress in toxicological effects and mechanism of aflatoxin B1 toxin","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1106","article-title":"Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions","volume":"80","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, S., Costantini, S., and Severino, L. (2018). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological Properties and Their Involvement in Cancer Development. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060214"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarado, A.M., Zamora-Sanabria, R., and Granados-Chinchilla, F. (2017). A Focus on Aflatoxins in Feedstuffs: Levels of Contamination, Prevalence, Control Strategies, and Impacts on Animal Health. Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks, IntechOpen Limited.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69468"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yiannikouris, A., Apajalahti, J., Siikanen, O., Dillon, G.P., and Moran, C.A. (2021). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall-Based Adsorbent Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Absorption in Rats. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030209"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00084a001","article-title":"DNA adduction by the potent carcinogen Aflatoxin B-1: Mechanistic studies","volume":"116","author":"Iyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1021\/ar400275a","article-title":"A Chemical and Kinetic Perspective on Base Excision Repair of DNA","volume":"47","author":"Schermerhorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2021.2021339","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1: Metabolism, toxicology, and its involvement in oxidative stress and cancer development","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benkerroum, N. (2020). Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020423"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118777","article-title":"Fucoxanthin mitigates aflatoxin B1-triggered hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and caspases cascade","volume":"303","author":"Elmorsy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113593","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates AFB1-induced duck liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and lysosomal damage","volume":"172","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118688","article-title":"Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced murine hepatocyte pyroptosis by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by activation of the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"302","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i6aq.12353","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Moringa oleifera L.","volume":"8","author":"Swapna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2407","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography of selected extract of Moringa oleifera leaf","volume":"8","author":"Nishu","year":"2020","journal-title":"AkiNik Publ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.233173","article-title":"Antifungal efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed extracts against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","volume":"81","author":"Ahmadu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.04.018","article-title":"Moringa oleifera Lam prevents acetaminophen induced liver injury through restoration of glutathione level","volume":"46","author":"Fakurazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35431","DOI":"10.15294\/biosaintifika.v14i2.35431","article-title":"The Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract on Hyperglycemic Rat Liver Function","volume":"14","author":"Christijanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosaintifika J. Biol. Biol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.14710\/jgi.10.2.141-149","article-title":"Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Flour Supplementation on Total Antioxidant Content of Sprague Dawley Rat Serum Given High-Fat Diet","volume":"10","author":"Jami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gizi Indones. (Indones. J. Nutr.)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"IJFMR2205038","DOI":"10.36948\/ijfmr.2022.v04i05.038","article-title":"Ameliorative Role of Moringa oleifera against Gamma Radiation and Mercury Induced Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.1.161","article-title":"Anti-proliferative, Anti-angiogenic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Moringa peregrina Leaf Extracts on Testosterone- Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats","volume":"23","author":"Migdady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60068-1","article-title":"Role of Moringa oleifera in regulation of diabetes-induced oxidative stress","volume":"6","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8334","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17078334","article-title":"Moringa oleifera Hydroethanolic Extracts Effectively Alleviate Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Experimental Rats through Their Antioxidant Nature","volume":"17","author":"Fakurazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071243","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1071243","article-title":"The In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Properties of Moringa oleifera","volume":"2018","author":"Khor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1alver, R., Mart\u00ednez-Zamora, L., Lorenzo, J.M., Ros, G., and Nieto, G. (2022). Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Functional Foods. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081107"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adcanc.2022.100072","article-title":"Anticancer effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract against lung cancer cell line via induction of apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Bhadresha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Biol. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70842","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27361-y","article-title":"Polydatin reduces aflatoxin-B1 induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory cytokine levels in mice","volume":"30","author":"Demirkapi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X.Y., Liu, S.L., Pei, H.Y., Chen, W.J., Zong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, J.M., Du, R., and He, Z.M. (2023). Study on Dihydromyricetin Improving Aflatoxin Induced Liver Injury Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090760"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116278","article-title":"Integrated network toxicology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments to elucidate molecular mechanism of aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity","volume":"275","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.106000","article-title":"Elucidation of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Er Miao San by integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"175","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuret, T., Kreft, M.E., Romih, R., and Veranic, P. (2023). Cannabidiol as a Promising Therapeutic Option in IC\/BPS: In Vitro Evaluation of Its Protective Effects against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24055055"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15080","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.80","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Brunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"817","article-title":"The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"McGill","year":"2016","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"154037","article-title":"Moringa oleifera mitigates ethanol-induced oxidative stress, fatty degeneration and hepatic steatosis by promoting Nrf2 in mice","volume":"100","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115161","article-title":"Porcine \u03b2-defensin-2 alleviates AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"262","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in biology and targeted therapy: New insights and translational implications","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nava-Ram\u00edrez, M.d.J., V\u00e1zquez-Dur\u00e1n, A., and M\u00e9ndez-Albores, A. (2021). Las aflatoxinas en el sector agropecuario y el potencial de los adsorbentes derivados de plantas. Investigaci\u00f3n y Ciencia de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, National Autonomous University of Mexico.","DOI":"10.33064\/iycuaa2021842912"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143207","article-title":"Polyphenols in different parts of Moringa oleifera Lam.: Composition, antioxidant and neuroprotective potential","volume":"475","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2197-6","article-title":"Critical role of caveolin-1 in aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity via the regulation of oxidation and autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S541","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934612","article-title":"The role of Nrf2 and PPARgamma in the improvement of oxidative stress in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"69","author":"Dovinova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70081","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70081","article-title":"The Neuroprotective Mechanisms of PPAR-\u03b3: Inhibition of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic White Matter Injury","volume":"30","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108391","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 signaling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets","volume":"245","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711796504600","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of a New Arylidene-Thiazolidinedione in Macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Faine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.17033","article-title":"Modulation of Lipid Metabolism and Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway Activation in Macrophages by Targeting PPAR\u03b3 Affects NAFLD Progression","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200907-1047OC","article-title":"Nrf2-regulated PPAR\u03b3 Expression Is Critical to Protection against Acute Lung Injury in Mice","volume":"182","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123430","article-title":"Arginine-derived carbon dots with antioxidant activity for treating aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury via Nrf2\/Keap1 and NLRP3 pathways in mice","volume":"364","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u0103dulescu, A.L., Popescu, R.G., Balas, M., Marinescu, G.C., and Dinischiotu, A. (2025). Modulation of the Antioxidant System of Caco-2 Cells in the Presence of Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, and Ferulic Acid. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060274"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2025.03.018","article-title":"4-Methylesculetin alleviated aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury and ferritinophagy through AMPK- TOR-Ulk axis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.028","article-title":"Transcription Factor NRF2 as a Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"159","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Hu, Z., Luo, X., Ge, C., Lv, Y., Zhan, S., Huang, W., Shen, X., Yu, D., and Liu, B. (2024). Itaconic Acid Alleviates Perfluorooctanoic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Damage by Regulating the Keap1\/Nrf2\/Ho-1 Pathway and Reshaping the Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189826"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01210-z","article-title":"The ameliorative role of phlorotannin on aflatoxin B(1)-induced liver oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury is related to the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf1 signaling pathways in broilers","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4842","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Gut Induced by Individual and Combined Exposure to Amoxicillin, Arsenic and Fluoride: Engagement of Nrf2-Keap1-ARE Pathway","volume":"45","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"S343","article-title":"The Role of PPAR\u03b3 in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"65","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06063-2","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 alleviates preeclampsia development by regulating lipid metabolism and ferroptosis","volume":"7","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/4\/616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1770643798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/4\/616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15040616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15040616","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}