{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T09:53:18Z","timestamp":1770717198388,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a global health challenge, necessitating novel therapeutic and dietary strategies. This study optimized hydroalcoholic extraction parameters to maximize \u03b1-amylase inhibitory activity from five African medicinal plants: Combretum glutinosum (CG), Ziziphus mauritiana (ZM), Gymnosporia senegalensis (GS), Boscia senegalensis (BS), and Citrullus colocynthis (CC). A central composite design (CCD) modeled the effects of the liquid-to-solid (L\/S) ratio (5\u201315 mL\/g) and ethanol concentration (0\u2013100%, v\/v), identifying optimal conditions at low L\/S ratios (5 mL\/g) and moderate-to-high ethanol concentrations (40\u2013100%) for GS, ZM, and CG, where inhibition levels exceeded 80\u201398% of \u03b1-amylase activity. Extracts from CG, ZM, and GS showed the strongest inhibition (IC50 values of 3.67, 9.8, and 2.25 mg\/mL, respectively). Antioxidant capacities, evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays, correlated strongly with total phenolic content (TPC), with ZM exhibiting superior DPPH (IC50 = 1.94 \u00b1 0.16 mg\/mL) and FRAP (IC50 = 4.34 \u00b1 0.52 mg\/mL) activities. Incorporation of optimized plant powders (3%, w\/v) into bread dough significantly influenced textural and colorimetric properties. Mixture design analysis revealed that CG-rich formulations (&gt;2%) yielding hardness exceed 6 N, while ZM\u2013GS blends maintain 3 N, offering targeted firmness control. The addition of medicinal plants significantly increased the total phenolics content by 60% of doughs and thus caused a significant improvement in antioxidant activities. These functional enrichments suggest potential for developing hypoglycemic bakery products with improved sensory attributes. This integrative approach combining extraction optimization and food formulation offers promising avenues for natural antidiabetic agents and functional food development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15040625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:05:15Z","timestamp":1770645915000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Hydroalcoholic Extraction of African Medicinal Plants for Enhanced \u03b1-Amylase Inhibition and Functional Enrichment of Hypoglycemic Bread Doughs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Lemine","family":"Lella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nouakchott, King Fai\u00e7al Avenue, Nouakchott 2373, Mauritania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LAPVA-LR16ES20), National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LAPVA-LR16ES20), National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nouha","family":"Ben Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LAPVA-LR16ES20), National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Vall","family":"Ould El Kebir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nouakchott, King Fai\u00e7al Avenue, Nouakchott 2373, Mauritania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Neifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LAPVA-LR16ES20), National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"},{"name":"Common Services Unit \u201cBioreactor Coupled with an Ultrafilter\u201d, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, P.O. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K.-J., Wang, H., Xu, J., Gong, G., Liu, X., and Guan, H. (2024). Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from 1990 to 2021, with Projections of Prevalence to 2044: A Systematic Analysis Across SDI Levels for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1501690"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-024-00861-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Trends in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Burden Among Adolescents and Young Adults Aged 10\u201324 Years from 1990 to 2021: A Trend Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. 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