{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:35:28Z","timestamp":1772087728151,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-416 2022R1A1A01067626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-416 2022R1A1A01067626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-25442355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-25442355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dietary guidance for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently discourages fruit consumption due to intrinsic sugars, despite extensive evidence supporting the anti-diabetic properties of fruit-derived polyphenols. This reductionist, carbohydrate-only model inadequately reflects the complex bioactive matrices of whole fruits. Objective: To develop an integrated analytical framework that quantitatively balances the predicted anti-diabetic bioactivity of fruit polyphenols against their glycemic burden, and to apply this model to fruits commonly consumed in the Korean market. Methods: Nutritional and phytochemical composition data for five fruits sourced from Korea and India were obtained from national food databases to ensure broader phytochemical diversity. Six representative polyphenols were selected based on abundance and reported significance. Molecular docking was conducted against \u03b1-glucosidase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-\u03b3) to estimate target-specific affinity, and a \u201cTotal Predicted Anti-Diabetic Score\u201d (TPAS) was computed by weighting docking potency by compound concentration. A risk\u2013benefit matrix integrating TPAS and sugar content was applied to classify fruits, followed by a cultivar-level comparison of major grape varieties. Results: Hesperidin exhibited the strongest predicted PPAR-\u03b3 binding (\u22129.3 kcal\/mol). Among whole fruits, grapes and oranges showed the highest TPAS (593.19 and 448.77, respectively), placing them in the \u201credemptive choice\u201d category (high benefit\/high glycemic risk). Comparative cultivar analysis identified the Campbell Early grape as the most advantageous option, with a Holistic Value Score (HVS) of 9.5, notably higher than Shine Muscat (3.9). Conclusions: This study presents a structured, computation-driven framework capable of integrating phytochemical potency and nutritional risk into a unified metric for dietary evaluation. Despite higher sugar content, fruits rich in potent polyphenols may confer substantial metabolic benefit when consumed judiciously. These findings challenge sugar-centric dietary models and provide an evidence-based tool for consumer-level guidance in T2DM dietary management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15050797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:19:23Z","timestamp":1771935563000},"page":"797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Phytochemical Bioactivity and Glycemic Risk to Evaluate Fruits for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Korean Market Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4935-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyotsna S.","family":"Ranbhise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2232-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeong Rok","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunhee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insug","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C., Cao, B., Fang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Luo, W., and Wu, Y. 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