{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:38:48Z","timestamp":1780097928126,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China","award":["2025-BS-0757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-BS-0757"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) represents the key phenolic compound in green tea, which has been verified to possess various biological effects but suffers from low stability and poor bioavailability. To address these issues, EGCG-loaded nanoliposomes (ELs) were screened and prepared using an ethanol injection\u2013calcium acetate gradient (EtOH-CAG) method. An encapsulation efficiency of 94.61% was achieved, involving a particle size of 118.6 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.23. Via layer-by-layer assembly, nanoliposomes modified with either \u03b5-polylysine (\u03b5-PL) monolayer (ELP) or \u03b5-polylysine\/sodium alginate (SA) bilayer (ELPA) exhibited substantially improved stability. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analysis confirmed the effective loading of EGCG and the successful decoration of \u03b5-PL and SA. Molecular docking analyses of dual ligands further characterized the surface modification mechanism, which was primarily mediated by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. ELPA maintained robust stability under conditions including 200 mM salt concentration, a pH range of 4\u201310, temperatures up to 55 \u00b0C, and a 25-day storage duration. The modified systems showed considerably enhanced cellular uptake without causing cytotoxicity. Collectively, the developed \u03b5-PL\/SA bilayer nanoliposomes offer an eco-friendly, efficient strategy to enhance EGCG stability and in vitro bioavailability in functional food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15050818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:51:33Z","timestamp":1772614293000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u03b5-Polylysine\/Sodium Alginate Bilayer-Modified Nanoliposomes Enhancing the Stability and In Vitro Bioavailability of Epigallocatechin Gallate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxuan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaodie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoshan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"P\u00f3lo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o de Dois Portos, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, 2656-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143207","article-title":"Polyphenols in different parts of Moringa oleifera Lam.: Composition, antioxidant and neuroprotective potential","volume":"475","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110418","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects immunity and liver drug-metabolism function in mice loaded with restraint stress","volume":"129","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.11.018","article-title":"Updated review on green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a cancer epigenetic regulator","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2462521","article-title":"Nanotechnology-driven EGCG: Bridging antioxidant and therapeutic roles in metabolic and cancer pathways","volume":"20","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Quan, W., Wang, X., Cheng, Y., and Jiao, Y. (2024). Comprehensive Review of EGCG Modification: Esterification Methods and Their Impacts on Biological Activities. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081232"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Yan, J., Zhu, Q., Liu, X., Li, S., Wang, S., Wang, X., and Sheng, J. (2022). Biological Effects of EGCG@MOF Zn(BTC)4 System Improves Wound Healing in Diabetes. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175427"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00372","article-title":"Evaluation of EGCG Loading Capacity in DMPC Membranes","volume":"35","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.004","article-title":"Green tea catechins during food processing and storage: A review on stability and detection","volume":"50","author":"Ananingsih","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Xu, H., Cai, Y., Xuan, Y., Liu, J., Gao, Y., and Luan, Q. (2018). The Effect of Ultrasound, Oxygen and Sunlight on the Stability of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092394"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.11.019","article-title":"Color and chemical stability of tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in solution and solid states","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9478","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0519055","article-title":"Stability of Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Formation of Dimers and Epimers under Common Experimental Conditions","volume":"53","author":"Sang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.12.011","article-title":"Improving the stability and bioavailability of tea polyphenols by encapsulations: A review","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, F., Deng, S., Luo, Y., Liu, Z., and Liu, C. (2025). Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on the Liver. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071101"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062816a","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Conscious and Freely Moving Rats and Its Brain Regional Distribution","volume":"55","author":"LIN","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.43.679","article-title":"Absorption and Distribution of Tea Catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, in the rat","volume":"43","author":"NAKAGAWA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9180","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04147","article-title":"Niosomes Consisting of Tween-60 and Cholesterol Improve the Chemical Stability and Antioxidant Activity of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate under Intestinal Tract Conditions","volume":"64","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12051","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04735","article-title":"Design, Fabrication, Characterization, and In Vitro Digestion of Alkaloid-, Catechin-, and Cocoa Extract-Loaded Liposomes","volume":"66","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2013.788023","article-title":"Anticancer activities of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated nanoliposomes in MCF7 breast cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Pace","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: Formation of different metabolites and individual variability","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, I.R.S., Tessaro, L., Lima, A.K.O., Velloso, I.P.S., and Conte-Junior, C.A. (2023). Recent Progress in Nanotechnology Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols for Cancer. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143136"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105802","article-title":"Nanoliposome based strategy for enhancing bioavailability and antitumor activity of polyphenol from Sanghuangporus vaninii","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.07.009","article-title":"Nanoliposome technology for the food and nutraceutical industries","volume":"79","author":"Khorasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13004","DOI":"10.1021\/jf203194w","article-title":"Preparation of a Tea Polyphenol Nanoliposome System and Its Physicochemical Properties","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7506","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01602","article-title":"Encapsulation of Lipophilic Polyphenols into Nanoliposomes Using pH-Driven Method: Advantages and Disadvantages","volume":"67","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2024.106765","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction and liposome encapsulation of olive leaves and orange peels: How to transform biomass waste into valuable resources with antimicrobial activity","volume":"102","author":"Prevete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Zang, M., Wang, S., Zhao, X., Zhai, G., Wang, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y., and Yue, Y. (2022). Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Nanoliposomes Loaded with Rosemary Oleoresin and Their Oxidative Stability Application in Dried Oysters. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9120818"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2024.2315449","article-title":"Remote loading in liposome: A review of current strategies and recent developments","volume":"34","author":"Nambiar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127554","article-title":"Liposomes encapsulation by pH driven improves the stability, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of urolithin A: A comparative study","volume":"253","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250161","article-title":"Utilization of pH-driven methods to fortify nanoemulsions with multiple polyphenols","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2024.101212","article-title":"Overcoming the application limitations of pH-driven encapsulation of bioactive compounds: Strategies and perspectives","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"731","article-title":"The encapsulation rate and pH sensitivity of arsenic were improved in liposome nanoparticles by the calcium acetate gradient method","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23230","article-title":"Amphipathic weak acid glucocorticoid prodrugs remote-loaded into sterically stabilized nanoliposomes evaluated in arthritic rats and in a Beagle dog: A novel approach to treating autoimmune arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Avnir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.10.010","article-title":"Multilayered vitamin C nanoliposomes by self-assembly of alginate and chitosan: Long-term stability and feasibility application in mandarin juice","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2025.101433","article-title":"Construction and properties of bacterial cellulose\/chitosan microgel films loaded with \u03b5-polylysine and its application on Tilapia preservation","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126329","article-title":"Elaboration and characterization of \u03b5-polylysine-sodium alginate nanoparticles for sustained antimicrobial activity","volume":"251","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.106782","article-title":"Advances on alginate use for spherification to encapsulate biomolecules","volume":"118","author":"Bennacef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111813","article-title":"Liposomes embedded in layer by layer constructs as simplistic extracellular vesicles transfer model","volume":"121","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125282","article-title":"Low-toxic multi-liposomal containers for encapsulation of bioactive compounds","volume":"603","author":"Novoskoltseva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7691","article-title":"Encapsulation of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate into liposomes and into alginate or chitosan microparticles reinforced with liposomes","volume":"96","author":"Istenic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24037","article-title":"Effect of solubilizing agents on mupirocin loading into and release from PEGylated nanoliposomes","volume":"103","author":"Cern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.07.058","article-title":"Preparation of self-assembled nanoparticles of \u03b5-polylysine-sodium alginate: A sustained-release carrier for antigen delivery","volume":"171","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.04.040","article-title":"Chitosan-coated liposomes as delivery systems for improving the stability and oral bioavailability of acteoside","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.053","article-title":"The Phyre2 web portal for protein modeling, prediction and analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kelley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","article-title":"AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings","volume":"61","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"100892","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-modified epigallocatechin gallate nanoliposomes:Preparation and evaluation of the stability and anticancer activity","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106370","article-title":"Design, development and evaluation of nanoemulsion containing avocado peel extract with anticancer potential: A novel biological active ingredient to enrich food","volume":"111","author":"Gotteland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14349","article-title":"Protective Effect of Grape Seed Procyanidins against H2O2\u2014Induced Oxidative Stress in PC-12 Neuroblastoma Cells: Structure-Activity Relationships","volume":"83","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121645","article-title":"An optimized ionizable cationic lipid for brain tumor-targeted siRNA delivery and glioblastoma immunotherapy","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.1003220","article-title":"Development of docetaxel nanocapsules for improving in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in MCF-7 cells","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-025-03918-2","article-title":"Chitosan-coated Liposomes Loaded with Green Tea Polyphenols Incorporated into Apple Juice: Characterization, Stability, In Vitro Digestion, and Sensory Analysis","volume":"18","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaei, M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Hasanzadeh Davarani, F., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., and Mozafari, M. (2018). Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.04.059","article-title":"Pectin-chitosan conjugated nanoliposome as a promising delivery system for neohesperidin: Characterization, release behavior, cellular uptake, and antioxidant property","volume":"95","author":"Shishir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.076","article-title":"Colonic delivery of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside using pectin-chitosan-nanoliposome: Transport mechanism and bioactivity retention","volume":"159","author":"Shishir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129516","article-title":"Preparation of beta-lactoglobulin\/gum arabic complex nanoparticles for encapsulation and controlled release of EGCG in simulated gastrointestinal digestion model","volume":"354","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130542","article-title":"Fabrication of Zein-Lecithin-EGCG complex nanoparticles: Characterization, controlled release in simulated gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"365","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c11208","article-title":"Biomimetic Bacterial Capsule for Enhanced Aptamer Display and Cell Recognition","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Li, Y., and Fu, X. (2025). Nanolipsome Modified with Inulin and Pea Protein Isolate Improve the Thermal Stability and Slow the Release of Anthocyanin at Simulated In Vitro Digestion and Hot Cocoa Beverage. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14050731"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2015.08.016","article-title":"Biopolymer-coated liposomes by electrostatic adsorption of chitosan (chitosomes) as novel delivery systems for carotenoids","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-022-01450-x","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and antifungal activities of \u03b5-polylysine-decorated nanoliposomes loaded with cinnamaldehyde","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105911","article-title":"Preparation of a novel brain-targeted EGCG liposome and its antioxidative neuroprotection","volume":"111","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119211","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of stable nanoliposomal formulations of curcumin with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor study","volume":"580","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133669","article-title":"Potential application of nanoliposomes loaded with complex tannins from the seed shell of Euryale ferox in the anti-browning of fresh-cut asparagus lettuce","volume":"275","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23180","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and development of a nanoliposomal formulation of gefitinib","volume":"101","author":"Trummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.123","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and releasing property of antibacterial nano-capsules composed of \u03b5-PL-EGCG and sodium alginate-chitosan","volume":"204","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.04.020","article-title":"Chitosan-sodium alginate nanoparticle as a delivery system for \u03b5-polylysine: Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112599","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of epigallocatechin-3-gallate loaded melanin nanocomposite (EGCG @MNPs) for improved thermal stability, antioxidant and antibacterial activity","volume":"154","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101432","article-title":"Efficient development of antibacterial (-)-epigallocatechin gallate-PBCA nanoparticles using ethyl acetate as oil phase through interfacial polymerization","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.06.016","article-title":"Freeze-dried eudragit-hyaluronan multicompartment liposomes to improve the intestinal bioavailability of curcumin","volume":"107","author":"Ravaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131372","article-title":"Baicalin-liposomes loaded polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan electrospinning nanofibrous films: Characterization, antibacterial properties and preservation effects on mushrooms","volume":"371","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.133","article-title":"Electrostatically self-assembled filamentous sodium alginate\/epsilon-polylysine fiber with antibacterial, bioadhesion and biocompatible in suturing wound","volume":"200","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106477","article-title":"Improvement in storage stability and resveratrol retention by fabrication of hollow zein-chitosan composite particles","volume":"113","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.07.014","article-title":"Nanostructural analysis and textural modification of tilapia fish gelatin affected by gellan and calcium chloride addition","volume":"85","author":"Sow","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.01.014","article-title":"Development and evaluation of penciclovir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery","volume":"372","author":"Lv","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.04.024","article-title":"Temperature-dependent structure stability and in vitro release of chitosan-coated curcumin liposome","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.108077","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of EGFR and AKT targeting efficacy of resveratrol loaded PEGylated liposomes for the glioblastoma management: In silico, in vitro BBB permeation studies","volume":"154","author":"Paranthaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R.-Y., Wang, P.-F., Li, H.-X., Yang, Y.-J., and Rao, S.-Q. (2023). Enhanced Antibacterial Efficiency and Anti-Hygroscopicity of Gum Arabic\u2013\u03b5-Polylysine Electrostatic Complexes: Effects of Thermal Induction. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15234517"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142047","article-title":"Tailoring ternary complexes of lactoferrin, EGCG, and \u03b1-lactalbumin by assembly sequence strategies: Structural characterization, assembly mechanism, and emulsification elucidation","volume":"465","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135685","article-title":"Use of sodium alginate coatings to improve bioavailability of liposomes containing DPP-IV inhibitory collagen peptides","volume":"414","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, T., Jia, A., Yao, M., Zhang, M., Sun, C., Shi, Y., Liu, X., Sun, J., and Liu, C. (2021). Characterization and Caco-2 Cell Transport Assay of Chito-Oligosaccharides Nano-Liposomes Based on Layer-by-Layer Coated. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144144"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.144721","article-title":"Effect of different phospholipids on the co-encapsulation of curcumin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in nanoliposomes: Characteristics, physical stability, and in vitro release","volume":"487","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2749-7","article-title":"Stability of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers as affected by pH, ionic strength, heat treatment, simulated gastric juice and freeze-thawing","volume":"54","author":"Tamjidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b02028","article-title":"Plant-Based Nanoparticles Prepared from Proteins and Phospholipids Consisting of a Core-Multilayer-Shell Structure: Fabrication, Stability, and Foamability","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.04.029","article-title":"Characterization and cytotoxicity studies of DPPC:M(2+) novel delivery system for cisplatin thermosensitivity liposome with improving loading efficiency","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.10.021","article-title":"Coating of negatively charged liposomes by polylysine: Drug release study","volume":"117","author":"Volodkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.02.004","article-title":"Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose modulates the stability of cinnamaldehyde-loaded liposomes at high ionic strength","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127324","article-title":"Effect of mono- and double-layer polysaccharide surface coating on the physical stability of nanoliposomes under various environments","volume":"629","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00682","article-title":"Influence of Trivalent Metal Ions on Lipid Vesicles: Gelation and Fusion Phenomena","volume":"35","author":"De","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2019.16322","article-title":"Metal Ion-Mediated Interliposomal Aggregation of Polydiacetylene Liposomes Incorporating a Phenolic Lipid","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, Z.-Z., Chen, J.-R., Wang, X.-S., Zhang, B.-W., and Cao, Y. (2002). Metal Ions Affect on the Photodynamic Actions of Cyclodextrin-Modified Hypocrellin. Chem. Lett., 206\u2013207.","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2002.206"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200900691","article-title":"Sol\/Gel Transition of Aqueous Alginate Solutions Induced by Fe2+ Cations","volume":"211","author":"Mijangos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125211","article-title":"Nanostructured polymer composites for selective heavy metal ion sorption","volume":"603","author":"Bucatariu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sule, K., Anikovskiy, M., and Prenner, E.J. (2023). Lipid Structure Determines the Differential Impact of Single Metal Additions and Binary Mixtures of Manganese, Calcium and Magnesium on Membrane Fluidity and Liposome Size. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021066"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(03)00053-1","article-title":"Effects of calcium-induced aggregation on the physical stability of liposomes containing plant glycolipids","volume":"1611","author":"Hincha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12421","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04136","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes Formed from Sunflower Lecithin: Impact of Composition and Environmental Stress","volume":"66","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2015.10.012","article-title":"Enhanced stability of liposomes against solidification stress during freeze-drying and spray-drying by coating with calcium alginate","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.16140","article-title":"Cinnamon essential oil liposomes modified by sodium alginate-chitosan: Application in chilled pork preservation","volume":"58","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130626","article-title":"Active sites of peptides Asp-Asp-Asp-Tyr and Asp-Tyr-Asp-Asp protect against cellular oxidative stress","volume":"366","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Zhao, Z., Xue, F., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Alginate-Chitosan Coated Nanoliposomes as Effective Delivery Systems for Bamboo Leaf Flavonoids: Characterization, In Vitro Release, Skin Permeation and Anti-Senescence Activity. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11051024"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/5\/818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T09:34:20Z","timestamp":1772616860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/5\/818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15050818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15050818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}