{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:39:01Z","timestamp":1793756341999,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s HORIZON-CL4-2022 research and innovation program","award":["101093042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101093042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mercury (Hg) is of significant concern due to its toxicity, which strongly depends on its chemical forms, and organic mercury compounds, particularly methylmercury (MeHg), are considered the most toxic species. Therefore, mercury speciation analysis is essential for accurate exposure and risk assessment. The primary dietary source of mercury exposure for humans is food consumption, particularly seafood. Consequently, numerous studies have focused on developing analytical techniques for the identification, characterization, and quantification of Hg species in seafood. This review evaluates and compares recent developments (2014\u20132025) in analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of Hg species in seafood, focusing on both traditional chromatographic methods and emerging methodologies based on biosensors. Hyphenated techniques such as HPLC\u2013ICP-MS and GC\u2013ICP-MS have enabled significant advancements in mercury speciation analysis. Although chromatographic methods are highly effective and widely accepted due to their accuracy and sensitivity, they often require costly instrumentation, skilled operators, and lengthy analysis times. Biosensors are increasingly proposed as alternatives; however, their applicability to seafood analysis remains limited despite advantages such as portability, simplicity, and rapid response. They are still under development and face challenges in selectivity, stability, and standardization. This review provides an overview of existing methodologies, comparing their advantages and limitations, aiming to guide improvements toward optimal methods incorporating all advantageous features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15060971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:55:38Z","timestamp":1773136538000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Conventional Chromatographic Techniques and Biosensors for Mercury Speciation in Seafood: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Doaa","family":"Abouelenein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Henrik Dams All\u00e9 B202, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Henares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Food Engineering\u2013FoodUPV, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-2396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Food Engineering\u2013FoodUPV, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Segovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Food Engineering\u2013FoodUPV, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8487-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"M. Barat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Food Engineering\u2013FoodUPV, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1741-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Loeschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Henrik Dams All\u00e9 B202, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lene","family":"Duedahl-Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Henrik Dams All\u00e9 B202, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadeu","family":"Griol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"J. Sloth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Henrik Dams All\u00e9 B202, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favilli, L., Giacomino, A., Malandrino, M., Inaudi, P., Diana, A., and Abollino, O. (2022). Strategies for Mercury Speciation with Single and Multi-Element Approaches by HPLC-ICP-MS. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1082956"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.02.012","article-title":"Analytical Strategies of Sample Preparation for the Determination of Mercury in Food Matrices\u2014A Review","volume":"121","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microchem. 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