{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:54:23Z","timestamp":1791010463572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021M691972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M691972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32001793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020QC238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QC238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a global metabolic disorder, and sprouted wheat (SW) exhibits potential for alleviating metabolic syndromes, although its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of SW on T2DM using a high\u2212fat diet\u2212induced T2DM mouse model. SW intervention significantly improved glycolipid metabolism disorders (p &lt; 0.05), attenuated hepatic mitochondrial injury (p &lt; 0.05) and maintained hepatic homeostasis. SW also reshaped the gut microbiota structure and inhibited the TLR4\/NF\u2212\u03baB inflammatory pathway (p &lt; 0.05). Untargeted metabolomics combined with network pharmacology identified five key functional metabolites and four core targets involved in the protective effects of SW. Germination optimized the nutritional composition of wheat, and SW regulated the microbe\u2013liver axis through a multi\u2212component, multi\u2212target and multi-pathway mode. These results reveal the mechanism of SW in improving T2DM\u2212related metabolic disorders and provide experimental support for its application. In the future, SW can be further developed as a dietary nutritional supplement for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15061027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T08:41:26Z","timestamp":1773650486000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sprouted Wheat Improves Liver Metabolism and Inflammation in T2DM Mice: 16S rRNA Gene Sequence, Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Joint Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanquan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, 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