{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:23Z","timestamp":1785411383465,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010387","name":"Universidad de Sonora","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["USO513008519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USO513008519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["USO513008519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USO513008519"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c32gy34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and manganese contamination in propolis was assessed. A total of 12 raw propolis samples were analysed using atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) for each of the metals. The analyses revealed that the samples were contaminated with each of the following metals: arsenic (ranging from &lt;0.21 to 0.4 ppm), cadmium (&lt;0.008 to 0.123 ppm), lead (0.580 to 117.01 ppm), and manganese (4.22 to 47.57 ppm). Lead levels exceeded the acceptable limits for consumption. A chemometric characterization was performed, looking at the correlation between elemental contamination, showing high correlation between cadmium and manganese levels (r = 0.80). Furthermore, the samples with the highest contamination levels were in areas with high industrial and agricultural activity. A risk assessment for toxic metals indicated a risk associated with lead. While the amount of lead present in the propolis samples was deemed to pose a low carcinogenic risk, it is noteworthy that the levels of the other metals detected do not pose any discernible health risk associated with the consumption of propolis. This conclusion is crucial for understanding the safety profile of propolis as a dietary supplement or natural product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15071128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1774433233000},"page":"1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxic Metal Content in Mexican Propolis: A Human Health Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0743-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paola","family":"Balderrama-Carmona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Contaminantes Met\u00e1licos, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Hermosillo 83340, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Lilia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Contaminantes Met\u00e1licos, Coordinaci\u00f3n de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Hermosillo 83340, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Valenzuela-Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Gerardo","family":"Ochoa-Balderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Matem\u00e1ticas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6490-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian Karen","family":"Flores-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4135-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Eduardo","family":"Almada-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar Felipe","family":"Moran-Palacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa 85890, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Mercedes","family":"Meza-Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Sonora, Ciudad Obreg\u00f3n 85000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"522","article-title":"Estimating the Health Risk Assessment of the Consumption of Oreochromis niloticus, Tap Water, Surface Water and Prey Sediments, Contaminated with Heavy Metals in Communities Close to a Copper and to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Dam, in Sonora, Mexico","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bio Cienc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2022-0096","article-title":"Source, toxicity and carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals","volume":"39","author":"Budi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.274","article-title":"Heavy metals in drinking water sources in northern Mexico: A review of concentrations and human health risks assessment","volume":"23","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e13796","article-title":"Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments of the Sonora River Basin Impacted by Mining Activities","volume":"41","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.083","article-title":"Metals in Residential Soils and Cumulative Risk Assessment in Yaqui and Mayo Agricultural Valleys, Northern Mexico","volume":"433","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Far\u00edas, P., Hern\u00e1ndez-Bonilla, D., Moreno-Mac\u00edas, H., Montes-L\u00f3pez, S., Schnaas, L., Texcalac-Sangrador, J.L., R\u00edos, C., and Riojas-Rodr\u00edguez, H. (2022). Prenatal Co-Exposure to Manganese, Mercury, and Lead, and Neurodevelopment in Children during the First Year of Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013020"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.102024","article-title":"Health risk assessment upon exposure to groundwater arsenic among individuals of different sex and age groups of Vaishali district, Bihar (India)","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-021-00393-w","article-title":"Cadmium, Selenium and Breast Cancer Risk by Molecular Subtype Among Women from Northern Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2022.2157050","article-title":"Urinary Cadmium Concentrations and Intake of Nutrients, Food Groups and Dietary Patterns in Women from Northern Mexico","volume":"40","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151168","article-title":"Human Health Risk Assessment of Lead (Pb) through the Environmental-Food Pathway","volume":"810","author":"Nag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390903337118","article-title":"Risk Assessment of an Essential Element: Manganese","volume":"73","author":"Santamaria","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"103378","article-title":"Appraisal of Heavy Metal Contamination and Their Source Apportionment Identification in Five River Water Systems of the Coastal Areas in Bangladesh","volume":"70","author":"Choudhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-014-1199-4","article-title":"Propolis as an Indicator of Environmental Contamination by Metals","volume":"92","author":"Finger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.13102\/sociobiology.v65i4.3379","article-title":"Toxic Metals in the Crude Propolis and Its Transfer Rate to the Ethanolic Extract","volume":"65","author":"Orsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4395496","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4395496","article-title":"Metal Content of Nutritional and Toxic Value in Different Types of Brazilian Propolis","volume":"2020","author":"Hodel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2008.11101421","article-title":"The Content of Essential and Toxic Elements in Croatian Propolis Samples and Their Tinctures","volume":"47","author":"Cvek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25339-4","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Heavy Metals, and Plasticizers Residues: Role of Bees and Honey as Bioindicators of Environmental Contamination","volume":"30","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.16714","article-title":"Effects of Seasonal Variations and Collection Methods on the Mineral Composition of Propolis from Apis mellifera Linnaeus Beehives","volume":"76","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.09.014","article-title":"Phytochemicals, Mineral Contents, Antioxidants, and Antimicrobial Activities of Propolis Produced by Brunei Stingless Bees Geniotrigona Thoracica, Heterotrigona Itama, and Tetrigona Binghami","volume":"27","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2021.1948745","article-title":"Chemical Profiling, Biological Properties and Environmental Contaminants of Stingless Bee Honey and Propolis","volume":"62","author":"Ngaini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1556\/AAlim.35.2006.1.14","article-title":"Element Content of Propolis from Different Regions of Turkey","volume":"35","author":"Dogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Aliment."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dezmirean, D.S., Pa\u015fca, C., Moise, A.R., and Bobi\u015f, O. (2021). Plant Sources Responsible for the Chemical Composition and Main Bioactive Properties of Poplar-Type Propolis. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010022"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"313","article-title":"Propolis Harvesting and Extraction","volume":"66","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Mendon\u00e7a, I.C.G., Porto, I.C.C.d.M., do Nascimento, T.G., de Souza, N.S., Oliveira, J.M.d.S., Arruda, R.E.d.S., Mousinho, K.C., dos Santos, A.F., Bas\u00edlio-J\u00fanior, I.D., and Parolia, A. (2015). Brazilian Red Propolis: Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity and Effect against Cancer Cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0888-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54591-3","article-title":"Comprehensive Multivariate Correlations between Climatic Effect, Metabolite-Profile, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of Brazilian Red Propolis Metabolites during Seasonal Study","volume":"9","author":"Tonholo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczorek, P.P., Hudz, N., Yezerska, O., Hor\u010dinov\u00e1-Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, V., Shanaida, M., Korytniuk, O., and Jasicka-Misiak, I. (2022). Chemical Variability and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis as a Source for the Development of New Pharmaceutical Products. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051600"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"109","article-title":"Determination of Quality Characteristics, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis from Southeastern Mexico","volume":"65","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salatino, A. (2022). Perspectives for Uses of Propolis in Therapy against Infectious Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144594"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113159","article-title":"Historical and modern research on propolis and its application in wound healing and other fields of medicine and contributions by Polish studies","volume":"262","author":"Rojczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(17)60315-7","article-title":"Effects of Bee Propolis Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance Indices in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"15","author":"Samadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.436","article-title":"Effect of Brazilian Green Propolis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"3","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanazashi, M., Iida, T., Nakanishi, R., Tanaka, M., Ikeda, H., Takamiya, N., Maeshige, N., Kondo, H., Nishigami, T., and Harada, T. (2023). Brazilian Propolis Intake Decreases Body Fat Mass and Oxidative Stress in Community-Dwelling Elderly Females: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020364"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43838-8","article-title":"The Effect of Iranian Propolis on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance, Renal Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Zakerkish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31254-y","article-title":"Effect of Propolis on Mood, Quality of Life, and Metabolic Profiles in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Sajjadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04615-5","article-title":"Does Propolis Affect the Quality of Life and Complications in Subjects with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Diagnosed with Rome IV Criteria)? A Study Protocol of the Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"21","author":"Miryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2019.1614273","article-title":"Gaps in Propolis Research: Challenges Posed to Commercialization and the Need for an Holistic Approach","volume":"58","author":"Katekhaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Beltr\u00e1n, N.P., Umsza-Guez, M.A., Rodrigues, D.M.R., G\u00e1lvez-Ruiz, J.C., Castro, T.L.d.P., and Balderrama-Carmona, A.P. (2021). Comparison of the Biological Potential and Chemical Composition of Brazilian and Mexican Propolis. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311417"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2249","article-title":"Elemental Analysis of Propolis Tinctures by Microwave Plasma\u2013Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES)","volume":"56","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.104234","article-title":"The Content and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Elements in Bee Pollen and Propolis from Turkey","volume":"105","author":"Tutun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Magnusson, B., and \u00d6rnemark, U. (2014). Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods\u2014A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, Eurachem, European Commission. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Wei, T., and Simko, V. An Introduction to Corrplot Package. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/corrplot\/vignettes\/corrplot-intro.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Chapter 7: Dermal Exposure Studies. USEPA Exposure Factors Handbook, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"IRIS Assessments|IRIS|US EPA (2026, March 18). IRIS, Available online: https:\/\/iris.epa.gov\/AtoZ\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2012). Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.who.int\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans\/Arsenic-Metals-Fibres-And-Dusts-2012."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"IARC (2012). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds. IARC Monogr., 1993."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-015-0085-9","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Lead Exposure","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda (2026, March 18). Esperanza de vida al nacimiento por entidad federativa seg\u00fan sexo. Available online: https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/app\/tabulados\/interactivos\/?pxq=Mortalidad_Mortalidad_09_25171f46-857b-4d3a-aeae-c61235598f32."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125262","article-title":"Assessment of Arsenic and Its Associated Health Risks Due to Mining Activities in Parts of North-Central Nigeria: Probabilistic Approach Using Monte Carlo","volume":"412","author":"Orosun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-019-0388-2","article-title":"Levels, Distributions and Health Risk Assessment of Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic Found in Drinking Groundwater of Dehgolan\u2019s Villages, Iran","volume":"11","author":"Rezaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"US EPA (2009). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment), Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"5","article-title":"Mineral Composition of Selected Serbian Propolis Samples","volume":"61","author":"Tosic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn, M.I., Escuredo, O., Revilla, I., Vivar-Quintana, A.M., Carmen Coello, M., Riocerezo, C.P., and Moncada, G.W. (2015). Determination of the Mineral Composition and Toxic Element Contents of Propolis by near Infrared Spectroscopy. Sensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/s151127854"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2013). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Manganese. EFSA J., 11, 1\u201344.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3005"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2020). Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006 as Regards Maximum Levels of Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs (Standard No. Regulation (EU) 2020\/640)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Miel y productos ap\u00edcolas\u2014Determinaci\u00f3n de contaminantes (Standard No. IRAM-INTA 15935)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(1994). Norma cubana para la calidad del agua y l\u00edmites de contaminantes qu\u00edmicos (Standard No. NRAG-1135 (M32.1)-94)."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"99","article-title":"Metal Content in Honey, Propolis, Wax, and Bee Pollen and Implications for Metal Pollution Monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Formicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1770527","article-title":"Arsenic in Latin America: New Findings on Source, Mobilization and Mobility in Human Environments in 20 Countries Based on Decadal Research 2010\u20132020","volume":"51","author":"Bundschuh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13070-x","article-title":"Inflammation Biomarkers Associated with Arsenic Exposure by Drinking Water and Respiratory Outcomes in Indigenous Children from Three Yaqui Villages in Southern Sonora, M\u00e9xico","volume":"28","author":"Burgess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4236\/gep.2019.76008","article-title":"Health Risk Assessment in Children by Arsenic and Mercury Pollution of Groundwater in a Mining Area in Sonora, Mexico","volume":"7","author":"Romero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geosci. Environ. Protect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1449098","article-title":"An Integrated Health Risk Assessment of Indigenous Children Exposed to Arsenic in Sonora, Mexico","volume":"25","author":"Burgess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1347-5","article-title":"Health Risk Assessment and Urinary Excretion of Children Exposed to Arsenic through Drinking Water and Soils in Sonora, Mexico","volume":"187","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012122","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/845\/1\/012122","article-title":"Study of Toxic Elements in Propolis","volume":"845","author":"Vakhonina","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"97","article-title":"Comparative Study of Selected Toxic Elements in Propolis and Honey","volume":"55","author":"Roman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glevitzky, M., Teopent, M., Popa, M., Glevitzky, L., and Laura, M.I. (2025). Propolis: Biological Activity and Its Role as a Natural Indicator of Pollution in Mining Areas. Environments, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12040105"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-018-0281-2","article-title":"Metal Concentrations in Oysters Crassostrea Gigas Cultured in the Gulf of California and Risk Assessment to Human Health","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"57","article-title":"Niveles de Cadmio, Cromo y Plomo En Abejas (Apis mellifera) y Sus Productos En Hidalgo, M\u00e9xico","volume":"7","author":"Montiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Ibero Cienc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.08.040","article-title":"Pesticide Residues and Heavy Metals in Commercially Processed Propolis","volume":"143","author":"Revilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"47","article-title":"Lead Content of Bees, Brood and Bee Products from Different Regions of Poland","volume":"47","author":"Jasinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-3004-3","article-title":"Element Content of Propolis Collected from Different Areas of South Spain","volume":"185","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"231","article-title":"Heavy Metals in Propolis: Practical and Simple Procedures to Reduce the Lead Level in the Brazilian Propolis","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Mizrahi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bee Products"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-025-03425-2","article-title":"Biomonitoring with bees and bee products: Multielement profiles including technology-critical elements","volume":"157","author":"Trimmel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Monatsh. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/380103","article-title":"The Use of Natural Bee Products as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution\u2014The Detection of Heavy Metals","volume":"38","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Honeybees (Apis mellifera) as biomonitors of environmental pollution by heavy metals","volume":"2","author":"Cecchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"EUNK"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.295","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Lead (Pb) Concentrations in Environmental Media (Soil, Dust, Water, Food, and Air) Reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016","volume":"694","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00936-x","article-title":"Relation of Blood Lead Levels and Lead in Gasoline: An Updated Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Angrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, M.M.H., Chan, K.Y., and Lo, K. (2022). Manganese Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040825"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28141-4","article-title":"Bees Reflect Better on Their Ecosystem Health than Their Products","volume":"30","author":"Farias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12098","DOI":"10.13102\/sociobiology.v73i1.12098","article-title":"The Impact of Pesticides on Honey Bees: A review","volume":"73","author":"Fouad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"100287","article-title":"Assessing the Health Risks Associated with Elevated Manganese and Iron in Groundwater in Sreemangal and Moulvibazar Sadar, Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Rushdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Advan."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elementos Causales En La Epidemia de Padecimientos Renales En Sonora","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Univ."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"581","article-title":"Investigating Exposure to Heavy Metals as a Potential Etiology of Mesoamerican Nephropathy an Unexplained Epidemic Kidney Diseases in Latin America","volume":"101","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42025-0","article-title":"Characterization and stability evaluation of Egyptian propolis extract nano-capsules and their application","volume":"13","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-018-0667-6","article-title":"Lip Creams with Propolis Special Extract GH 2002 0.5% versus Aciclovir 5.0% for Herpes Labialis (Vesicular Stage): Randomized, Controlled Double-Blind Study","volume":"169","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/7\/1128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:12:13Z","timestamp":1775059933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/7\/1128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15071128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15071128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}