{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:10:09Z","timestamp":1787238609763,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cPioneer\u201d and \u201cLeading Goose\u201d R&D Program of Zhejiang","award":["2025C01099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carrageenan (CGN) is widely used in processed foods and is typically supplied as a commercial preparation blended with other hydrocolloids to improve gelling properties, rather than as a single purified polymer. However, safety evaluations and mechanistic studies have largely focused on CGN in isolation; as a result, the biological effects of commercial CGN preparations (CGNPs) under realistic exposure conditions are still insufficiently characterized. In this study, the structural characteristics of three commercial food-grade CGNPs intended for meat products, soft sweets, and jelly were investigated. Furthermore, their effects on colitis were assessed, along with their impacts on the gut microbiota and related metabolites. The results indicated that all three CGNPs were \u03ba-type, but differed in monosaccharide composition and molecular weight, which may contribute to their biological differences. In vivo, the CGNP intended for soft sweets significantly reduced the disease activity index (n = 6\/group, p &lt; 0.05) and helped maintain colon length (n = 6\/group, p &lt; 0.05). This CGNP also markedly reduced the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter, while increasing propionate levels (n = 6\/group, p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, CGNPs intended for meat products and jelly tended to exacerbate colitis and increased the abundance of Enterococcus, a genus associated with colitis. These findings reveal the application-specific biological effects of commercial food-grade CGNPs and provide a basis for optimizing the application of these preparations in the food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15071131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T12:05:49Z","timestamp":1775563549000},"page":"1131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential Effects of Commercial Food-Grade Carrageenan Preparations on DSS-Induced Colitis and Gut Microbiota in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengliang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingqian","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12790","article-title":"Food-grade carrageenans and their implications in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109983","article-title":"Review of harmful gastrointestinal effects of carrageenan in animal experiments","volume":"109","author":"Tobacman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2013.861798","article-title":"Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies","volume":"44","author":"Weiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.072","article-title":"Native \u03ba-carrageenan induced-colitis is related to host intestinal microecology","volume":"147","author":"Mi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105940","article-title":"\u03bb-carrageenan exacerbates Citrobacter rodentium-induced infectious colitis in mice by targeting gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"174","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.07.904","article-title":"Carrageenan-induced colitis is associated with decreased population of anti-inflammatory bacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila, in the gut microbiota of C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"279","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-4169(200209)344:8<815::AID-ADSC815>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Carrageenan: A food-grade and biocompatible support for immobilisation techniques","volume":"344","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113369","article-title":"Current and emerging applications of carrageenan in the food industry","volume":"173","author":"Udo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Hotchkiss, S., Brooks, M., Campbell, R., Philp, K., and Trius, A. (2016). The use of carrageenan in food. Carrageenans: Sources and Extraction Methods, Molecular Structure, Bioactive Properties and Health Effects, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.12.009","article-title":"Study of the functionality of selected hydrocolloids and their blends with \u03ba-carrageenan on storage quality of vanilla ice cream","volume":"41","author":"Soukoulis","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"661","article-title":"Effect of gums on yogurt characteristics","volume":"20","author":"Hematyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117625","article-title":"Hydratability and improved fermentability in vitro of guar gum by combination of xanthan gum","volume":"258","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.88","article-title":"Gut microbiota and IBD: Causation or correlation?","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00738-z","article-title":"Improving IBD outcomes in the era of many treatment options","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600545","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600545","article-title":"Digestive fate of dietary carrageenan: Evidence of interference with digestive proteolysis and disruption of gut epithelial function","volume":"61","author":"Fahoum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-020-00786-7","article-title":"Semi-refined carrageenan promotes generation of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of rats upon oral exposure but not in vitro","volume":"171","author":"Tkachenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pogozhykh, D., Posokhov, Y., Myasoedov, V., Gubina-Vakulyck, G., Chumachenko, T., Knigavko, O., Polikarpova, H., Kalashnyk-Vakulenko, Y., Sharashydze, K., and Nakonechna, O. (2021). Experimental evaluation of food-grade semi-refined carrageenan toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011178"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2581","article-title":"The mechanism exploration of the non-colonic toxicity and obesity inhibition of food-grade \u03ba-carrageenan by transcriptome","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c10159","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated degradation of food-grade lambda-carrageenan by Bacteroides xylanisolvens and its role in inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.115982","article-title":"Manosonication extraction of RG-I pectic polysaccharides from citrus waste: Optimization and kinetics analysis","volume":"235","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.12.002","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of RG-I enriched pectic polysaccharides from mandarin citrus peel","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.044","article-title":"Chemically induced mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wirtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1589281","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum species ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by regulating the immune response and altering gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.107462","article-title":"Structure and fermentation characteristics of five polysaccharides sequentially extracted from sugar beet pulp by different methods","volume":"126","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118830","article-title":"Dietary \u03ba-carrageenan facilitates gut microbiota-mediated intestinal inflammation","volume":"277","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(02)00066-3","article-title":"1H and 13C high resolution NMR spectroscopy of carrageenans: Application in research and industry","volume":"13","author":"Knutsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.06.060","article-title":"Formation of \u03ba-carrageenan-gelatin polyelectrolyte complexes studied by 1H NMR, UV spectroscopy and kinematic viscosity measurements","volume":"151","author":"Derkach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komisarska, P., Pinyosinwat, A., Saleem, M., and Szczuko, M. (2024). Carrageenan as a potential factor of inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091367"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120374","article-title":"How does carrageenan cause colitis? A review","volume":"302","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6085","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau6085","article-title":"Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.015","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles reduce LPS-induced inflammatory reaction via inhibition of NF-\u03baB pathway in Caco-2 cells","volume":"86","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome","volume":"519","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"453","article-title":"Carbohydrates and the human gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Chassard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05581","article-title":"Dietary intake of whole strawberry inhibited colonic inflammation in dextran-sulfate-sodium-treated mice via restoring immune homeostasis and alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c04773","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and intestinal microbiota modulation properties of Jinxiang garlic (Allium sativum L.) polysaccharides toward dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis","volume":"68","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2018.1477123","article-title":"Probiotics for inflammatory bowel diseases: A promising adjuvant treatment","volume":"70","author":"Coqueiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.121882","article-title":"Lycium barbarum arabinogalactan alleviates intestinal mucosal damage in mice by restoring intestinal microbes and mucin O-glycans","volume":"330","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123155","article-title":"An arabinogalactan from Lycium barbarum mitigated DSS caused intestinal injury via inhibiting mucosal damage and regulating the gut microbiota disorder","volume":"352","author":"Mou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.05.008","article-title":"Kakkalide and irisolidone alleviate 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide binding to toll-like receptor-4 and proteobacteria population","volume":"73","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15375","article-title":"Consistent alterations in faecal microbiomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis independent of associated colitis","volume":"50","author":"Liwinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldelli, V., Scaldaferri, F., Putignani, L., and Del Chierico, F. (2021). The role of Enterobacteriaceae in gut microbiota dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040697"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.B., Carroll-Portillo, A., and Lin, H.C. (2023). Desulfovibrio in the gut: The enemy within?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071772"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12980","article-title":"Polysaccharide degradation by the Bacteroidetes: Mechanisms and nomenclature","volume":"13","author":"McKee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2015.07.007","article-title":"Polysaccharide utilization locus and CAZYme genome repertoires reveal diverse ecological adaptation of Prevotella species","volume":"38","author":"Accetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, X., Akbar, M.T., Wu, T., Zhang, Y., Zhi, L., and Shen, Q. (2024). Exploration of the Muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: Diversity, metabolism, and function. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162660"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"A potential probiotic-Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group: Evidence from the restoration of the dietary pattern from a high-fat diet","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnac072","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac072","article-title":"Roles of intestinal Parabacteroides in human health and diseases","volume":"369","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.003","article-title":"Metabolic activities and probiotic potential of bifidobacteria","volume":"149","author":"Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thananimit, S., Pahumunto, N., and Teanpaisan, R. (2022). Characterization of short chain fatty acids produced by selected potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121829"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132362","article-title":"Compound prebiotics as prophylactic and adjunctive treatments ameliorate DSS-induced colitis through gut microbiota modulation effects","volume":"270","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.1.1","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide: A bacterial toxin in ulcerative colitis?","volume":"39","author":"Pitcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01182-0","article-title":"Functional analysis of Parabacteroides distasonis F4: A novel probiotic strain linked to calf growth and rumen fermentation","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47594-w","article-title":"The gut commensal Blautia maintains colonic mucus function under low-fiber consumption through secretion of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"15","author":"Holmberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01819-8","article-title":"Dietary ellagic acid therapy for CNS autoimmunity: Targeting on Alloprevotella rava and propionate metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01655-2","article-title":"Blocked conversion of Lactobacillus johnsonii derived acetate to butyrate mediates copper-induced epithelial barrier damage in a pig model","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13658","article-title":"Oscillospira and related bacteria-from metagenomic species to metabolic features","volume":"19","author":"Gophna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.12.009","article-title":"Gut microbiota, host health, and polysaccharides","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20065","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20065","article-title":"Differentially expressed miRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma target genes in the genetic information processing and metabolism pathways","volume":"6","author":"Thurnherr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01093-0","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into consumption of the food additive xanthan gum by the human gut microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341457","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2341457","article-title":"Dietary fiber guar gum-induced shift in gut microbiota metabolism and intestinal immune activity enhances susceptibility to colonic inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Paudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.160","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of different molecular weight konjac glucomannans via intestinal microbiota and SCFAs mediated mechanism","volume":"234","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c06280","article-title":"Konjac Glucomannan and its degradation products inhibit intestinal lipid absorption by regulating gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"73","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/7\/1131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T12:42:47Z","timestamp":1775565767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/7\/1131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15071131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15071131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}