{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:43:31Z","timestamp":1775439811721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune dysregulation is a critical driver of various pathological processes. Fish maw (FM) serves as a traditional immunomodulatory food. However, the immunomodulatory properties and mechanisms of fish maw hydrolysate (FMH) remain unclear. Here, low-molecular-weight FMH was prepared from Perca fluviatilis, exhibiting a major molecular weight distribution of 73\u2013580 Da (83.89%), enriched in charged and hydrophobic amino acids (28.61% and 67.33%, respectively). Moreover, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis identified 5 small peptides, including Asp-Leu and Gly-Pro-Ala, alongside 7 collagen-derived polypeptides with characteristic Gly-X-Y repetitive motifs. In cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed C57BL\/6J mice, FMH significantly ameliorated alterations in peripheral blood cell parameters, regulated cytokine homeostasis, attenuated splenic histopathological lesions, and enhanced splenic lymphocyte proliferation. Mechanistically, thymic transcriptomic profiling identified 2237 DEGs in the CTX vs. CON comparison and 212 DEGs in the CTX+FMH vs. CTX comparison, with the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway significantly enriched. Furthermore, qRT-PCR validated the expression of key NF-\u03baB-related genes, including I\u03baB\u03b1, P50, P65, CHUK, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6, while immunohistochemical analysis confirmed reduced PI3K and P65 expression, thereby partly restoring immune homeostasis. These findings support FMH as a potential dietary immunomodulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15071227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:19:32Z","timestamp":1775434772000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intervention of Fish (Perca fluviatilis) Maw Hydrolysate in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice via NF-\u03baB Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing-Tao","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue-Mei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Sen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Food Nutrition (Era Biotech) Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenzhen 518100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Zhen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Food Nutrition (Era Biotech) Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenzhen 518100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Food Nutrition (Era Biotech) Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenzhen 518100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5553-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang-Rong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Z., Yang, F., Yao, S., Bi, L., Jiang, G., Huang, J., and Tang, Y. 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