{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:18Z","timestamp":1787028198642,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several species of the genus Acinetobacter are nosocomial pathogens with a well-documented ability to acquire resistance to multiple antibiotics. Although Acinetobacter is one of the most abundant genera in meat processing environments, data on this genus outside of clinical environments remains limited. The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence, diversity and antimicrobial resistance profile of Acinetobacter spp. in 200 samples collected from food contact surfaces, non-food contact surfaces, carcasses and final meat cuts across five pork, chicken and beef processing facilities, each comprising physically connected slaughterhouses and meat processing plants. Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 80% (95% CI = 71\u201387%) and 70% (95% CI = 60\u201379%) of samples from slaughterhouses and processing plants, respectively. The facilities harboured a wide diversity of Acinetobacter species, with 27 different species identified. Acinetobacter baumannii was the species most frequently detected. Whole-genome sequencing of 18 Acinetobacter spp. isolates revealed the presence of ARGs conferring resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides, and disclosed phylogenetic relationships with isolates from fresh meat. Phenotypic resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, folate pathway inhibitors and\/or tetracyclines was observed in 77.8% of the sequenced isolates, with 44.4% classified as multidrug-resistant. These findings identify meat processing environments as an important reservoir of Acinetobacter spp. and highlight the need for further investigation to prevent the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15071243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:19:32Z","timestamp":1775434772000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter spp. in Processing Environments of Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Puente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Cordero-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Trapote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Crespo-Torbado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avelino","family":"Alvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0898-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Cobo-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTAL), <i>Universidad de Le\u00f3n<\/i>, 24071 <i>Le\u00f3n<\/i>, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, December 15). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240062702."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2018.09.002","article-title":"Food processing as a risk factor for antimicrobial resistance spread along the food chain","volume":"30","author":"Oniciuc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14530","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14530","article-title":"The resistome of the food chain: A One Health perspective","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.519837","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria: A challenge for the food industry","volume":"53","author":"Capita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennani, H., Mateus, A., Mays, N., Eastmure, E., St\u00e4rk, K.D.C., and H\u00e4sler, B. (2020). Overview of evidence of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in the food chain. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020049"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12283","article-title":"Residential bacteria on surfaces in the food industry and their implications for food safety and quality","volume":"16","author":"Langsrud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01131-9","article-title":"Microbial colonization and resistome dynamics in food processing environments of a newly opened pork processing industry during 1.5 years of activity","volume":"9","author":"Alexa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109674","article-title":"Exploring the resistome, virulome, mobilome and microbiome along pork production chain using metagenomics","volume":"371","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18164-7","article-title":"Widespread transfer of mobile antibiotic resistance genes within individual gut microbiomes revealed through bacterial Hi-C","volume":"11","author":"Kent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02288-3","article-title":"Microbiome and resistome successions in pig carcasses and fresh pork meat throughout slaughtering, processing and shelf-life","volume":"14","author":"Oliveira","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02059-8","article-title":"The food-associated resistome is shaped by processing and production environments","volume":"10","author":"Quijada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.12.001","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from meat","volume":"243","author":"Carvalheira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111313","article-title":"Diverse Acinetobacter in retail meat: A hidden vector of novel species and antimicrobial resistance genes, including plasmid-borne blaOXA-58, mcr-4.3 and tet(X3)","volume":"441","author":"Puente","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheck, E., Romanov, A., Shapovalova, V., Shaidullina, E., Martinovich, A., Ivanchik, N., Mikotina, A., Skleenova, E., Oloviannikov, V., and Azizov, I. (2023). Acinetobacter non-baumannii species: Occurrence in infections in hospitalized patients, identification, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081301"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1789","article-title":"An increasing threat in hospitals: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Dijkshoorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, December 16). WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance to Guide Research, Development and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240093461."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w","article-title":"ESKAPE pathogens: Antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.09.004","article-title":"Influence of ACB complex genospecies on clinical outcomes in a U.S. hospital with high rates of multidrug resistance","volume":"70","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty648","article-title":"Scaling read aligners to hundreds of threads on general-purpose processors","volume":"35","author":"Langmead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.102","article-title":"Using SPAdes de novo assembler","volume":"70","author":"Prjibelski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01940-w","article-title":"CheckM2: A rapid, scalable and accurate tool for assessing microbial genome quality using machine learning","volume":"20","author":"Chklovski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","article-title":"GTDB-Tk: A toolkit to classify genomes with the genome taxonomy database","volume":"36","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camacho, C., Coulouris, G., Avagyan, V., Ma, N., Papadopoulos, J., Bealer, K., and Madden, T.L. (2009). BLAST+: Architecture and applications. BMC Bioinform., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"748","article-title":"ResFinder\u2014An open online resource for identification of antimicrobial resistance genes in next-generation sequencing data and prediction of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"8","author":"Florensa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e000398","article-title":"Platon: Identification and characterization of bacterial plasmid contigs in short-read draft assemblies exploiting protein sequence-based replicon distribution scores","volume":"6","author":"Schwengers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolley, K.A., and Maiden, M.C.J. (2010). BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.126","article-title":"dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genomic comparisons that enables improved genome recovery from metagenomes through de-replication","volume":"11","author":"Olm","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02090-4","article-title":"Producing polished prokaryotic pangenomes with the Panaroo pipeline","volume":"21","author":"MacAlasdair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077","article-title":"FastTree: Computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2026, January 04). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 16.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Standard No. \n            CLSI Supplement M100\n          )."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03696.x","article-title":"Rapid an accurate identification of genomic species from the Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) group by MALDI-TOF MS","volume":"18","author":"Espinal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2016.36.4.325","article-title":"Identification of Acinetobacter species using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"36","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2018.10.009","article-title":"Limitations of routine MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric identification of Acinetobacter species and remedial actions","volume":"154","author":"Nemec","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113442","article-title":"Sequencing-based analysis of the microbiomes of Spanish food processing facilities reveals environment-specific variation in the dominant taxa and antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"173","author":"Alexa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174394","article-title":"Slaughtering processes impact microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes of pig carcasses","volume":"946","author":"Gaire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110820","article-title":"In-depth characterization of microbiome and resistome of carcasses and processing environments in a swine slaughterhouse","volume":"312","author":"Manfreda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01856-3","article-title":"In-depth characterization of food and environmental microbiomes across different meat processing plants","volume":"12","author":"Barcenilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101071","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in the livestock industry in South Korea under a One Health perspective","volume":"20","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutsoumanis, K., and Sofos, J.N. (2004). Microbial contamination. Encycl. Meat Sci., 727\u2013737.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-464970-X\/00070-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atrouni, A.A., Joly-Guillou, M., Hamze, M., and Kempf, M. (2016). Reservoirs of non-baumannii Acinetobacter species. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00049"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2819-2825.1997","article-title":"Distribution of Acinetobacter species on human skin: Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic identification methods","volume":"35","author":"Seifert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00553-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00553-19","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered from sewage water from a poultry slaughterhouse in Germany","volume":"8","author":"Savin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108954","article-title":"Spread of tet(X5) and tet(X6) genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains of animal origin","volume":"253","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab375","article-title":"Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance-related gene, tet(Y), in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e000258","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of severe community-onset Acinetobacter baumannii infection","volume":"5","author":"Meumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S253440","article-title":"Survey on genetic diversity, biofilm formation, and detection of colistin resistance genes in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"13","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0074123","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00741-23","article-title":"Phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses highlight the diversity of antibiotic resistance and virulence in both human and non-human Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"9","author":"Sykes","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelenkov, A., Akimkin, V., and Mikhaylova, Y. (2023). International clones of high risk of Acinetobacter baumannii\u2014Definitions, history, properties and perspectives. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082115"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsitsos, A., Damianos, A., Kiskinis, K., Tsiouris, V., Tirodimos, I., Soultos, N., Papa, A., and Economou, V. (2025). Prevalence, characterization, and proteomic relatedness among \u03b2-lactam-resistant bacteria throughout the poultry production chain in Greece. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14020224"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01046-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01046-17","article-title":"Cleaning and disinfection of biofilms composed of Listeria monocytogenes and background microbiota from meat processing surfaces","volume":"83","author":"Fagerlund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109232","article-title":"Bacteria of eleven different species isolated from biofilms in a meat processing environment have diverse biofilm forming abilities","volume":"349","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwirzitz, B., Wetzels, S.U., Dixon, E.D., Fleischmann, S., Selberherr, E., Thalguter, S., Quijada, N.M., Dzieciol, M., Wagner, M., and Stessl, B. (2021). Co-occurrence of Listeria spp. and spoilage associated microbiota during meat processing due to cross-contamination events. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.632935"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Narvaez-Bravo, C., and Zhang, P. (2023). Driving forces shaping the microbial ecology in meat packing plants. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1333696"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49464-8","article-title":"Impact of cleaning and disinfection procedures on microbial ecology and Salmonella antimicrobial resistance in a pig slaughterhouse","volume":"9","author":"Bridier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104709","article-title":"Prevalence, seasonal variation, and proteomic relationship of \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp. in poultry meat at the abattoir level in Greece","volume":"128","author":"Tsitsos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.06.007","article-title":"Epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii of animal origin","volume":"38","author":"Hamouda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-13","article-title":"OXA \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, Y., Cao, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, Y., Xie, H., Li, C., Liu, C., and Shen, H. (2023). Genome-wide identification and oxacillinase OXA distribution characteristics of Acinetobacter spp. based on a global database. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1174200"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01320.x","article-title":"Cephalosporinase over-expression resulting from insertion of ISAba1 in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"12","author":"Poirel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki051","article-title":"Identification of Tet 39, a novel class of tetracycline resistance determinant in Acinetobacter spp. of environmental and clinical origin","volume":"55","author":"Guardabassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99230-y","article-title":"Impact of target site mutations and plasmid associated resistance genes acquisition on resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to fluoroquinolones","volume":"11","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, S.M., Elkhatib, W.F., Brangsch, H., Gesraha, A.S., Moustafa, S., Khater, D.F., Pletz, M.W., Sprague, L.D., Neubauer, H., and Wareth, G. (2023). Acinetobacter baumannii global clone-specific resistomes explored in clinical isolates recovered from Egypt. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071149"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2023). Expected Resistant Phenotypes, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). version 1.2."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.08.003","article-title":"Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes","volume":"13","author":"Ramirez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106255","article-title":"Contribution of different mechanisms to aminoglycoside resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"182","author":"Saleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.531","article-title":"The genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii: Insights into genome plasticity, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity","volume":"63","author":"Imperi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/7\/1243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:12:14Z","timestamp":1775535134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/7\/1243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15071243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15071243","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]}}}