{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:03:22Z","timestamp":1785402202294,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82460892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32460582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82460892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460892"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32460582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460582"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20232BAB205079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232BAB205079"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20242BAB26106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB26106"]}]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan Project of Jiangxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2024A0163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A0163"]}]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan Project of Jiangxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2024B0984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B0984"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Special Fund Project of Jiangxi Province","award":["YC2024-B223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YC2024-B223"]}]},{"name":"National-Level Project of the College Student Innovation Training Program","award":["202510412035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510412035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary supplementation with functional nutrients is a safe strategy to improve bone health. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of Berberine (BBR) on dexamethasone-induced bone loss in mice and its potential mechanisms. Micro-CT, histological staining, ELISA and Western blot were employed to evaluate BBR\u2019s skeletal benefits; 16S rRNA sequencing, serum metabolomics and correlation analysis were used to explore its regulatory mechanisms. In vivo experiments showed that BBR improved bone mineral density and trabecular microarchitecture, and upregulated osteogenic markers (COL1 and BMP2). Intestinal bacterial sequencing showed that BBR altered gut bacterial composition, increasing the abundance of Desulfovibrio and Bacteroides while decreasing opportunistic pathogens. BBR also modulated bacterial richness, evenness, and community stability. Serum metabolomics identified 107 BBR-reversed differential metabolites; of these, 33.64% were lipids and lipid-like molecules, which were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Further correlation analysis revealed that BBR-enriched Desulfovibrio was linked to pathway R04864, producing a key glycerophospholipid metabolite positively correlated with bone mass parameters. Overall, these findings suggest that the attenuation of bone loss by BBR may be associated with alterations in the gut microbiota\u2013glycerophospholipid metabolic axis, supporting its potential as a functional food ingredient for bone health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15081325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T12:01:52Z","timestamp":1775822512000},"page":"1325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Berberine Attenuates Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Loss in Mice: Associated with the Gut Microbiota\u2013Glycerophospholipid Metabolic Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Suzhen","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330052, China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.01229","article-title":"Bone health optimization: Beyond Own the Bone","volume":"101","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC1","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202401160","article-title":"Osteoporosis","volume":"177","author":"Ensrud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.11.002","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of bone remodeling and bone metastasis","volume":"154","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2020.1772051","article-title":"Updates in epidemiology, pathophysiology and management strategies of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Iacopo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad496","article-title":"Sequential therapy for the long-term treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"109","author":"Ramchand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05996-2","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of once-weekly teriparatide injection versus alendronate in patients at high risk of osteoporotic fracture: Primary results of the Japanese Osteoporosis Intervention Trial-05","volume":"32","author":"Hagino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Cai, J., Liu, L., Zhu, S., Chen, Y., Xu, M., Zhong, J., Li, J., Zhang, L., and Ye, Q. (2025). Preparation, structural characterization, and calcium supplementation activity of Lycium barbarum peptide-calcium derived from bovine bones. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223812"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xu, L., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Jiang, S., Sun, Y., and Yu, Y. (2025). Plant-derived food bioactives in bone health: From multi-targeted roles to molecular mechanisms in osteoporosis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1730053"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2386449","article-title":"Anti-osteoporosis effect of bioactives in edible medicinal plants: A comprehensive review","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neag, M.A., Mocan, A., Echeverria, J., Pop, R.M., Bocsan, C.I., Crisan, G., and Buzoianu, A.D. (2018). Berberine: Botanical occurrence, traditional uses, extraction methods, and relevance in cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, and renal disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00557"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64872-5_27","article-title":"Medicinal species of the genus Berberis: A review of their traditional and ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"1308","author":"Sobhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5693","article-title":"Berberis vulgaris and berberine: An update review","volume":"30","author":"Imenshahidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100399","article-title":"Berberine\u2019s impact on health: Comprehensive biological, pharmacological, and nutritional perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Asghari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thukral, J., Moudgil, P., Maheta, D., Agrawal, S.P., Kaur, H., Thukral, N., Frishman, W.H., and Aronow, W.S. (2025). Taurine and berberine: Nutritional interventions targeting cellular mechanisms of aging and longevity. Cardiol. Rev., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000885"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"29","article-title":"Role of a berberine-based nutritional supplement in reducing diarrhea in subjects with functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"66","author":"Bertuccioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehau, T., Cherlet, M., Croubels, S., Van De Vliet, M., Goossens, E., and Van Immerseel, F. (2023). Berberine-microbiota interplay: Orchestrating gut health through modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolic transformation into bioactive metabolites. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1281090"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295432","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2295432","article-title":"Diets intervene osteoporosis via gut-bone axis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5385","article-title":"Obesity and lipid metabolism in the development of osteoporosis","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152892","article-title":"Berberine and musculoskeletal disorders: The therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518797275","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates periodontal bone loss by regulating gut microbiota","volume":"98","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e832","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.348","article-title":"Dexamethasone shifts bone marrow stromal cells from osteoblasts to adipocytes by C\/EBPalpha promoter methylation","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.131","article-title":"Possible therapeutic potential of berberine in the treatment of STZ plus HFD-induced diabetic osteoporosis","volume":"108","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1842-4","article-title":"Prevention of disuse osteoporosis in rats by Cordyceps sinensis extract","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2024.109440","article-title":"A comprehensive review on glucocorticoids induced osteoporosis: A medication caused disease","volume":"207","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157678","article-title":"Berberine facilitates alveolar bone regeneration via Ptgs2-mediated dual regulation of osteoblast differentiation and fibroblast inhibition","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155516","article-title":"Luteolin rescues postmenopausal osteoporosis elicited by OVX through alleviating osteoblast pyroptosis via activating PI3K-AKT signaling","volume":"128","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Zhang, J., Ye, Z., Luo, J., Peng, B., and Wang, Z. (2025). Research on the role and mechanism of the PI3K\/akt\/mTOR signalling pathway in osteoporosis. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1541714"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116523","article-title":"Mitigation of inflammatory bowel disease-related osteoporosis by oxyberberine: Insights into the RANKL\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"174","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"16","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic approach to osteoporosis (review)","volume":"24","author":"Ao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, A., Yang, H., Li, T., Luo, J., Zhou, L., Chen, R., Han, L., and Lin, Y. (2024). Molecular mechanisms, targets and clinical potential of berberine in regulating metabolism: A review focussing on databases and molecular docking studies. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1368950"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, B., Xu, P., Zheng, J., Deng, X., Ye, Q., Huang, Z., and Wang, N. (2022). Effects and mechanisms of natural alkaloids for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1014173"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty, M.F., Lewis Lujan, L., and Iloki Assanga, S. (2022). Targeting Sirt1, AMPK, Nrf2, CK2, and soluble guanylate cyclase with nutraceuticals: A practical strategy for preserving bone mass. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094776"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328166","article-title":"Advancing human gut microbiota research by considering gut transit time","volume":"72","author":"Prochazkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-023-00235-w","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota involved in alleviation of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by whey protein","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8254","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c06689","article-title":"Curcumin ameliorated glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis while modulating the gut microbiota and serum metabolome","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, Y., and Li, J. (2025). Integrative analysis of serum microorganisms and serum metabolomics in osteoporosis patients based on 16S rDNA sequencing and UHPLC\/MS-based metabolomics. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1664359"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70662","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70662","article-title":"The mechanism exploration of traditional chinese medicine\u2019s \u201cDifferent Treatments for Same Disease\u201d concept in osteoporosis therapy: A serum metabolomics study","volume":"29","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2024.117114","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-induced bone loss by inhibiting ferroptosis","volume":"185","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03623-0","article-title":"Integrated lipidomics and network pharmacology analysis to reveal the mechanisms of berberine in the treatment of hyperlipidemia","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Zhang, Q., and Gu, C. (2022). The mechanism of berberine alleviating metabolic disorder based on gut microbiome. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.854885"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.04.004","article-title":"Gut microbial alterations in arginine metabolism determine bone mechanical adaptation","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01722-8","article-title":"Desulfovibrio vulgaris interacts with novel gut epithelial immune receptor LRRC19 and exacerbates colitis","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., Onose, G., Rotariu, M., Postaru, M., Turnea, M., and Galaction, A.I. (2024). Role of microbiota-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in modulating the gut-brain axis: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122670"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102269","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide is a novel regulator implicated in glucocorticoids-inhibited bone formation","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0004","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the microbiome: From toxicity to therapy","volume":"36","author":"Buret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01041-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01041-14","article-title":"Functional genomics with a comprehensive library of transposon mutants for the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20","volume":"5","author":"Kuehl","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Gao, R., Luo, X., Liu, R., and Xiong, D. (2023). Berberine influences multiple diseases by modifying gut microbiota. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1187718"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074610","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2074610","article-title":"The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobo-Vel\u00e1zquez, D.A. (2025). Functional foods for cholesterol management: A review of the mechanisms, efficacy, and a novel cholesterol-lowering capacity index. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162648"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/8\/1325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:25:53Z","timestamp":1775967953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/8\/1325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15081325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15081325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}