{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:23:09Z","timestamp":1785424989298,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002888","name":"Beijing Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KM202010011010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202010011010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KM202010011010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM202010011010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04bpn6s66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Houji Laboratory","award":["2025HJY01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HJY01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glutinous rice huangjiu, a non-distilled wine variety unique to China, is rich in nutrients. However, systematic research on the differences in its non-volatile functional components remains scarce, despite these variations being key factors influencing its antioxidant effects. This study employed non-targeted metabolomics to systematically analyze the non-volatile metabolite profiles of 16 glutinous rice huangjiu brands, identifying 1450 metabolites. An alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury model was established, combining cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level assays to screen for samples (G10 and G11) exhibiting significant efficacy across varying alcohol concentrations. Differential metabolite analysis further identified key bioactive compounds including L-proline, dihydroferulic acid, chalcones, and multiple phenolic derivatives. Using molecular docking technology, we preliminarily revealed that these components may exert antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects either by directly scavenging free radicals or indirectly through mechanisms such as participating in glutathione metabolism and regulating the KEAP1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. This study elucidates the differences among glutinous rice huangjiu at the metabolomic and cellular model levels, providing a scientific basis for evaluating the health benefits and developing new products of huangjiu.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15081386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1776334486000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Hidden Metabolites in Glutinous Rice Huangjiu and Their Antioxidant Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qingxia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Higher Education Garden, Liangxiang, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Higher Education Garden, Liangxiang, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7248-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xukai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miscellaneous Grain Molecular Breeding Team, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Light Chemical Engineering, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Higher Education Garden, Liangxiang, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6778-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junsong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Higher Education Garden, Liangxiang, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6916-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Higher Education Garden, Liangxiang, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingquan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Higher Education Garden, Liangxiang, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, T., Zou, G., Wei, Y., and Qu, L. 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