{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:44:55Z","timestamp":1791380695837,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the sustainability framework, valorization of organic by-products as reservoirs of phytochemicals useful for human health represents a hot topic. Therefore, this study evaluated Norway spruce bark and twigs (NSB, NST), chestnut tree wood (CTW), and pomegranate fruit waste\/pomace (PFW) as sources of bioactive compounds by employing green technologies. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), applied individually or sequentially, were optimized by modulating solvent composition, temperature, time, microwave power, and ultrasound amplitude. Hydroalcoholic extraction (50% ethanol) combined with MAE yielded the highest phenolic recovery and antioxidant activity across all matrices. PFW exhibited the highest antioxidant activity assessed through FRAP, ORAC, and DPPH assays. Phytochemical profiling by HPLC-DAD identified stilbenes in spruce extracts, ellagic acid in chestnut wood, and ellagic acid and punicalagins in pomegranate waste as major bioactive constituents. Additionally, NSB and PFW exhibited \u03b1-amylase inhibitory activity. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated dose-dependent activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas stutzeri) strains, with PFW exhibiting the strongest inhibition and NSB displaying broad-spectrum effects. Total phenolic content changed moderately after 21 days of storage. These results demonstrate that sustainable extraction enables efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from plant by-products, supporting their further functional, dietary, and medicinal applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15081422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1776669308000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sustainable Recovery and Biofunctional Characterization of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Norway Spruce, Chestnut Wood, and Pomegranate By-Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3945-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Vidotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Sbrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7141-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laryssa","family":"Peres Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cavallero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Baini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0728-403X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tagliavento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HyRes S.r.l., 82100 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Meneguzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Bioeconomy (CNR-IBE), 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morena","family":"Gabriele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tal, A. (2025). The Environmental Impacts of Overpopulation. Encyclopedia, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia5020045"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2024.05.001","article-title":"Integral Multi-Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes: A Review","volume":"183","author":"Eibes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.048","article-title":"The Circular Economy\u2014A New Sustainability Paradigm?","volume":"143","author":"Geissdoerfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041","article-title":"Circular Economy: The Concept and Its Limitations","volume":"143","author":"Korhonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132640","article-title":"Bio-Sourcing from Byproducts: A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Molecules in Agri-Food Waste (AFW) Streams for Valorization and Sustainable Applications","volume":"431","author":"Shawky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagueyam, S.S., dos Santos Filho, J.R., Contato, A.G., de Souza, C.G.M., Castoldi, R., Corr\u00eaa, R.C.G., Conte Junior, C.A., Yamaguchi, N.U., Bracht, A., and Peralta, R.M. (2025). Green Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant-Based Agri-Food Residues: Advances Toward Sustainable Valorization. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14233597"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110871","article-title":"Agro-Industrial by-Products: Valuable Sources of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"152","author":"Reguengo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-020-00112-9","article-title":"Valorization of Biomass Residues from Forest Operations and Wood Manufacturing Presents a Wide Range of Sustainable and Innovative Possibilities","volume":"6","author":"Braghiroli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S., Malik, K., Moore, J.M.C., Kamboj, B.R., Malik, S., Malik, V.K., Arya, S., Singh, K., Mahanta, S., and Bishnoi, D.K. (2024). Valorisation of Agri-Food Waste for Bioactive Compounds: Recent Trends and Future Sustainable Challenges. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092055"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-025-00637-7","article-title":"A Review on Exploring the Health Benefits and Antioxidant Properties of Bioactive Polyphenols","volume":"5","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Food"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudrapal, M., Rakshit, G., Singh, R.P., Garse, S., Khan, J., and Chakraborty, S. (2024). Dietary Polyphenols: Review on Chemistry\/Sources, Bioavailability\/Metabolism, Antioxidant Effects, and Their Role in Disease Management. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040429"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihaylova, D., Dimitrova-Dimova, M., and Popova, A. (2024). Dietary Phenolic Compounds\u2014Wellbeing and Perspective Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094769"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpentieri, S., Soltanipour, F., Ferrari, G., Pataro, G., and Dons\u00ec, F. (2021). Emerging Green Techniques for the Extraction of Antioxidants from Agri-Food by-Products as Promising Ingredients for the Food Industry. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091417"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130925","article-title":"Pilot Scale Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Hot-Water Extraction of Norway Spruce Bark Yield Antimicrobial and Polyphenol-Rich Fractions","volume":"360","author":"Tienaho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgianni, Y., Matt, D.T., Molinaro, M., and Orzes, G. (2023). Pilot scale tannin extraction from chestnut wood waste using hydrodynamic cavitation. Towards a Smart, Resilient and Sustainable Industry, Springer. ISIEA 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-38274-1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetti, G., Flori, L., Spezzini, J., Miragliotta, V., Lazzarini, G., Pirone, A., Meneguzzo, C., Tagliavento, L., Martelli, A., and Antonelli, M. (2024). Improved Cardiovascular Effects of a Novel Pomegranate Byproduct Extract Obtained through Hydrodynamic Cavitation. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040506"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0343074","article-title":"Quantification of Polyphenolics and Their Antioxidant Capacity in Fresh Plums","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelucci, E., Chiellini, C., Cavallero, A., and Gabriele, M. (2023). Bio-Functional Activities of Tuscan Bee Pollen. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010115"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"248","article-title":"Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Tuscan Bee Pollen of Different Botanic Origins","volume":"27","author":"Gabriele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.108","article-title":"Phenolics Content and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Legume Fractions","volume":"138","author":"Boudjou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s44473-025-00047-8","article-title":"Ailanthus Altissima Swingle: Beyond Invasiveness and Biodiversity Threat. A Phytochemical and Functional Characterization","volume":"160","author":"Vidotto","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8923","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201720z","article-title":"Cultivar Evaluation and Effect of Fermentation on Antioxidant Capacity and in Vitro Inhibition of \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase by Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corombosum)","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.056","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitory Peptides Generated by Tryptic Hydrolysis of a Whey Protein Concentrate Rich in \u03b2-Lactoglobulin","volume":"141","author":"Silveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2010.525509","article-title":"Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition Activity of Trilactone Terpenes of Ginkgo Biloba","volume":"26","author":"Bustanji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106918","article-title":"Comparison of microwave, ultrasound, and ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities and antimicrobial properties of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and wheat bran extracts","volume":"69","author":"Cavallero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, A.C., Borsoi, F.T., Saliba, A.S.M.C., de Alencar, S.M., Pastore, G.M., and Arruda, H.S. (2024). Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity from Araticum Peel Using Response Surface Methodology. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13182560"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleman, R.S., Marcia, J., Duque-Soto, C., Lozano-S\u00e1nchez, J., Montero-Fern\u00e1ndez, I., Ruano, J.A., Hoskin, R.T., and Moncada, M. (2023). Effect of Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Phytochemical and In Vitro Biological Properties of Willow (Salix alba) Bark Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12132533"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FB00382A","article-title":"Comparative Modeling of Microwave and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phenolics and Berberine from Coptis teeta Wall","volume":"3","author":"Sarma","year":"2025","journal-title":"rhizomes. Sustain. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13835","article-title":"Effects of Ultrasound Treatment and Concentration of Ethanol on Selectivity of Phenolic Extraction from Apple Pomace","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04433-2","article-title":"Recent Advances and Comparisons of Conventional and Alternative Extraction Techniques of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136452","article-title":"Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Chestnut Processing Waste Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"395","author":"Tomasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"101754","article-title":"Development and Validation of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Phenolic Compound Profiling in Diverse Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus Spp.) Sourced from Various Geographical Regions","volume":"20","author":"Harun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"243","article-title":"The Effect of Microwave-Assisted Extraction on the Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Blackthorn Flowers","volume":"55","author":"Putnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10575630108041280","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Seed","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oracz, J., Kowalski, S., \u017by\u017celewicz, D., Kowalska, G., Gumul, D., Kulbat-Warycha, K., Rosicka-Kaczmarek, J., Brzozowska, A., Grzegorczyk, A., and Areczuk, A. (2023). The Influence of Microwave-Assisted Extraction on the Phenolic Compound Profile and Biological Activities of Extracts from Selected Scutellaria Species. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093877"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiranpradith, V., Therdthai, N., Soontrunnarudrungsri, A., and Rungsuriyawiboon, O. (2025). Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content from Centella asiatica. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14020291"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Torres, N., Espinosa-Andrews, H., Trombotto, S., Ayora-Talavera, T., Patr\u00f3n-V\u00e1zquez, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Flores, T., S\u00e1nchez-Contreras, \u00c1., Cuevas-Bernardino, J.C., and Pacheco, N. (2019). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Citrus latifolia Waste for Chitosan Bioactive Nanoparticles Development. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193541"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2005.12.004","article-title":"Recent Advances in Extraction of Nutraceuticals from Plants","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2017.04.016","article-title":"Review of Green Food Processing Techniques. Preservation, Transformation, and Extraction","volume":"41","author":"Chemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(04)01409-8","article-title":"Extraction and Analysis of Phenolics in Food","volume":"1054","author":"Naczk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brglez Mojzer, E., Knez Hrn\u010di\u010d, M., \u0160kerget, M., Knez, \u017d., and Bren, U. (2016). Polyphenols: Extraction Methods, Antioxidative Action, Bioavailability and Anticarcinogenic Effects. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070901"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.03.011","article-title":"Extraction of Phenolic Compounds: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Alara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, A., Papp, V.A., P\u00e1l, A., Prokisch, J., Mirani, S., Toth, B.E., and Alshaal, T. (2025). Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity of Diverse Food Matrices: Applicability, Suitability and Inter-Correlation of Multiple Assays to Assess Polyphenol and Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030317"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FB00329F","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation and Optimization of Microwave and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Stevia Secondary Bioactive Compounds Using RSM and ANN\u2013GA Approaches","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11515","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c01868","article-title":"Consistency of Phenolic Compounds in Plant Residues Parts: A Review of Primary Sources, Key Compounds, and Extraction Trends","volume":"73","author":"Rostagno","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aourach, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-De-peredo, A.V., V\u00e1zquez-Espinosa, M., Essalmani, H., Palma, M., and Barbero, G.F. (2021). Optimization and Comparison of Ultrasound and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Cotton-Lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.). Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11010084"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107712","article-title":"Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction of Bioactives from Food Wastes: An Overview on Their Comparative Analysis towards Commercialization","volume":"124","author":"Nayak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Nirmal, P., Kumar, M., Jose, A., Tomer, V., Oz, E., Proestos, C., Zeng, M., Elobeid, T., and Sneha, V. (2023). Major Phytochemicals: Recent Advances in Health Benefits and Extraction Method. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020887"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira-Alves, S., Louren\u00e7o, S., Anjos, O., Fernandes, T.A., Caldeira, I., Catarino, S., and Canas, S. (2022). Influence of the Storage in Bottle on the Antioxidant Activities and Related Chemical Characteristics of Wine Spirits Aged with Chestnut Staves and Micro-Oxygenation. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010106"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2456","article-title":"Stability and Oxidation Products of Hydrolysable Tannins in Basic Conditions Detected by HPLC\/DAD-ESI\/QTOF\/MS","volume":"24","author":"Tuominen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.14235","article-title":"Resveratrol Supplementation and Its Potential Benefits in Obesity-Related Non-Communicable Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A.T., Periferakis, A., Troumpata, L., Periferakis, K., Scheau, A.E., Iftime, A., Caruntu, A., Badarau, I.A., Caruntu, C., and Scheau, C. (2026). Biological Activity of Stilbenoids Against Fungal, Parasitic, and Viral Pathogens. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31050830"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00144-V","article-title":"Phenolic Extractives from Root Bark of Picea Abies","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piyaratne, P.S., Leblanc, R., Myracle, A.D., Cole, B.J.W., and Fort, R.C. (2022). Extraction and Purification of (E)-Resveratrol from the Bark of Conifer Species. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10040647"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.17306\/J.AFS.2014.3.7","article-title":"Structure, Occurrence and Biological Activity of Ellagitannins: A General Review","volume":"13","author":"Klewicka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.005","article-title":"Extraction and Determination of Ellagic Acid Contentin Chestnut Bark and Fruit","volume":"110","author":"Vekiari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.003","article-title":"Tannin Analysis of Chestnut Bark Samples (Castanea sativa Mill.) by HPLC-DAD-MS","volume":"157","author":"Comandini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2639-x","article-title":"A Systematic Determination of Polyphenols Constituents and Cytotoxic Ability in Fruit Parts of Pomegranates Derived from Five Chinese Cultivars","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magangana, T.P., Makunga, N.P., Fawole, O.A., and Opara, U.L. (2020). Processing Factors Affecting the Phytochemical and Nutritional Properties of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Waste: A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204690"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20203824","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203824","article-title":"Effects of 22 Traditional Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants on DPP-IV Enzyme Activity and Glucose Homeostasis in High-Fat Fed Obese Diabetic Rats","volume":"41","author":"Ansari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"519","article-title":"In Vitro Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase by Polyphenols: A Kinetic, Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Molecular Docking Study","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18753","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01042","article-title":"Inhibition of Human Salivary and Pancreatic A Amylase by Resveratrol Oligomers","volume":"67","author":"Visvanathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71191","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71191","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile and \u03b1-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Pomegranate Peel Extract: An In Silico and In Vitro Investigation","volume":"13","author":"Thapa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.10.009","article-title":"Spruce Bark as an Industrial Source of Condensed Tannins and Non-Cellulosic Sugars","volume":"52","author":"Kemppainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.10.006","article-title":"Characterization of Condensed Tannins and Carbohydrates in Hot Water Bark Extracts of European Softwood Species","volume":"120","author":"Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359483","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2359483","article-title":"The Pathogenicity and Virulence of the Opportunistic Pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"15","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2016.10.003","article-title":"Spore-Forming Bacteria Responsible for Food Spoilage","volume":"168","author":"Vallaeys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00047-05","article-title":"Biology of Pseudomonas stutzeri","volume":"70","author":"Lalucat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.18.6.6347","article-title":"Antibacterial Activities of Spruce Bark (Picea abies L.) Extract and Its Components Against Human Pathogens","volume":"69","author":"Tanase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popescu, D.I., Frum, A., Dobrea, C.M., Cristea, R., Gligor, F.G., Vicas, L.G., Ionete, R.E., Sutan, N.A., and Georgescu, C. (2024). Comparative Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Several Conifer Needles and Bark Extracts. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010052"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017ditek Makoter, T., Tancer Verboten, M., Mirt, I., Zupan\u010di\u0107, K., C\u00f6r Andrej\u010d, D., Knez, \u017d., and Knez Marevci, M. (2024). Beneficial Effects of Castanea Sativa Wood Extract on the Human Body and Possible Food and Pharmaceutical Applications. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13070914"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.08.044","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Pomegranate Peel Extracts Performed by High Pressure and Enzymatic Assisted Extraction","volume":"115","author":"Alexandre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129396","article-title":"Identification of Punicalagin as the Bioactive Compound behind the Antimicrobial Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peels","volume":"352","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.107812","article-title":"Tannins as Antimicrobial Agents: Understanding Toxic Effects on Pathogens","volume":"247","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicon"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/8\/1422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:22:20Z","timestamp":1776745340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/8\/1422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15081422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15081422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]}}}