{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:08:01Z","timestamp":1791850081900,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DS43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS43"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DS45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS45"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sparassis crispa (cauliflower mushroom) is an edible medicinal fungus known for its diverse array of bioactive metabolites. Despite its established nutritional and pharmacological relevance, its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities remain insufficiently investigated. In the present study, extracts of the fruiting bodies of S. crispa were prepared using four solvents (water, 60% ethanol, methanol\u2013acetone\u2013water [3:1:1], and 1% acetic acid) and evaluated for their chemical composition and broad-spectrum biological activities. UHPLC-MS\/MS profiling revealed distinct metabolite profiles among the extracts, including identification of nucleosides such as adenosine and methylthioadenosine. All extracts exhibited nematicidal activity against Rhabditis sp. nematodes in a dose-dependent manner, with the 60% ethanol extract being the most potent (LD50 = 4.2 mg\/mL). In antiviral assays, the water extract partially inhibited Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication, reducing infectious titers by approximately 2 log units, whereas none of the extracts showed a significant effect against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Antibacterial testing demonstrated activity only for the 1% acetic acid extract, which inhibited several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at minimum inhibitory concentrations of 10\u201320 mg\/mL. No antifungal activity against Candida spp. was observed. These findings identify Sparassis crispa as a promising edible source of bioactive compounds, exhibiting pronounced nematicidal and moderate antimicrobial activities, and support its potential application in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. They further justify targeted isolation and mechanistic studies to characterize the metabolites responsible for these effects and to clarify their relevance for food-based health promotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15091559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:50:01Z","timestamp":1777618201000},"page":"1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracts from the Edible Mushroom Sparassis crispa: Nematicidal, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Properties Supporting Its Functional Food Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Ziaja-So\u0142tys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and\u00a0Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Rajtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1626-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"\u015awi\u0105tek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Biernasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dos Santos Szewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Chair of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Granica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Parzonko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and\u00a0Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ucja","family":"Smolarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and\u00a0Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bogucka-Kocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and\u00a0Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22164","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA01581D","article-title":"Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Sparassis crispa Polysaccharides Possessing Protective Ability against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liu, J., Zhong, X., Li, J., Wang, X., Ji, L., and Shang, X. (2019). Rapid Characterization of Chemical Components in Edible Mushroom Sparassis crispa by UPLC-Orbitrap MS Analysis and Potential Inhibitory Effects on Allergic Rhinitis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24163014"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s43008-022-00095-1","article-title":"Medicinal, Nutritional, and Nutraceutical Potential of Sparassis crispa s. Lat.: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"153","article-title":"Two New Antifungal Metabolites Produced by Sparassis crispa in Culture and in Decayed Trees","volume":"139","author":"Woodward","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-013-2503-4","article-title":"Phylogenetic Relationships of Korean Sparassis latifolia Based on Morphological and ITS rDNA Characteristics","volume":"51","author":"Ryoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2006.11832661","article-title":"Phylogeny and a New Species of Sparassis (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): Evidence from Mitochondrial Atp6, Nuclear rDNA and Rpb2 Genes","volume":"98","author":"Dai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111005","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Sparassis crispa Polysaccharide Characteristics during the in Vitro Digestion and Fermentation Model","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02657","article-title":"New Aromatic Compounds from the Fruiting Body of Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) and Their Inhibitory Activities on Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin\/Kexin Type 9 mRNA Expression","volume":"65","author":"Bang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.01.004","article-title":"Proteins of Higher Fungi--from Forest to Application","volume":"30","author":"Erjavec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982317","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/982317","article-title":"Natural Products and Biological Activity of the Pharmacologically Active Cauliflower Mushroom Sparassis crispa","volume":"2013","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2005.11832902","article-title":"Phylogenetic Relationships of Sparassis Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Ribosomal DNA and RNA Polymerase Sequences","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"680","article-title":"Systematic Studies On Wild Edible Mushroom Sparassis crispa Wulf. Ex. Fr. Collected From Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"6","author":"Rana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"245","article-title":"Sk\u0142ad chemiczny i aktywno\u015b\u0107 celulolityczna szmaciaka ga\u0142\u0119zistego Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr","volume":"3","author":"Florczak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70192","article-title":"Novel Bioactive Compound from the Sparassis crispa Mushroom","volume":"71","author":"Kawagishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.07.094","article-title":"Purification and Characterisation of an Alkaliphilic Esterase from a Culinary Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis crispa","volume":"124","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, M., Horii, N., Hasegawa, N., Oyanagi, E., Yano, H., and Iemitsu, M. (2019). Sparassis crispa Intake Improves the Reduced Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TNF-\u03b1 Production That Occurs upon Exhaustive Exercise in Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092049"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowacka-Jechalke, N., Nowak, R., Lemieszek, M.K., Rzeski, W., Gawlik-Dziki, U., Szpakowska, N., and Kaczy\u0144ski, Z. (2021). Promising Potential of Crude Polysaccharides from Sparassis crispa against Colon Cancer: An In Vitro Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010161"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S., Wang, D., Zhang, J., Du, M., Cheng, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Wang, D., and Wu, Y. (2016). Mitochondria Related Pathway Is Essential for Polysaccharides Purified from Sparassis crispa Mediated Neuro-Protection against Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in Differentiated PC12 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020133"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.165","article-title":"Purification, Structural Characterization and Neuroprotective Effect of a Neutral Polysaccharide from Sparassis crispa","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2007.08.016","article-title":"NMR Characterization of the Structure of a \u03b2-(1\u21923)-d-Glucan Isolate from Cultured Fruit Bodies of Sparassis crispa","volume":"342","author":"Tada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2015.11.010","article-title":"Nematicidal Effect of Sparassis latifolia-Derived Sparassol and Disodium Sparassol against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thi Nhu Ngoc, L., Oh, Y.-K., Lee, Y.-J., and Lee, Y.-C. (2018). Effects of Sparassis crispa in Medical Therapeutics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051487"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2021.108299","article-title":"Metabolomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Mechanism of Polysaccharides from Sparassis crispa Based on HPLC-Q-TOF\/MS","volume":"503","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sriruttan-Nel, C., Cairns, C., Boughan, S., Moodley, B., Sun, L.M., Chan, W.Y., Ismail, A., Mwazha, A., Bennimahadeo, P., and Manickchund, N. (2025). Central Nervous System Infection by Free-Living Nematode Cephalobus cubaensis in a Human Host in Africa. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0677.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00115-14","article-title":"Outer Ear Canal Infection with Rhabditis sp. Nematodes in a Human","volume":"52","author":"Teschner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00021842","article-title":"Rhabditis (Rhabditella) Axei in the Urine of an African in Rhodesia","volume":"41","author":"Goldsmid","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2018.180540","article-title":"Polyparasitism of Rhabditis Axei and Enterobius Vermicularis in a Child from Beijing, China","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaja-So\u0142tys, M., Ko\u0142odziej, P., Stefaniuk, D., Matuszewska, A., Jaszek, M., and Bogucka-Kocka, A. (2022). Low-Molecular-Weight Secondary Metabolites from Fungi: Cerrena unicolor as a New Proposal of an Effective Preparation against Rhabditis Nematodes. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051660"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015awi\u0105tek, \u0141., Sieniawska, E., Mahomoodally, M.F., Sadeer, N.B., Wojtanowski, K.K., Rajtar, B., Polz-Dacewicz, M., Paksoy, M.Y., and Zengin, G. (2022). Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Extracts from Two Oenanthe Species (O. aquatica and O. silaifolia). Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010050"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieniawska, E., \u015awi\u0105tek, \u0141., Sinan, K.I., Zengin, G., Boguszewska, A., Polz-Dacewicz, M., Bibi Sadeer, N., Etienne, O.K., and Mahomoodally, M.F. (2022). Phytochemical Insights into Ficus sur Extracts and Their Biological Activity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061863"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhamedsadykova, A.Z., Kasela, M., Kozhanova, K.K., Sakipova, Z.B., Kuku\u0142a-Koch, W., J\u00f3zefczyk, A., \u015awi\u0105tek, \u0141., Rajtar, B., Iwan, M., and Ko\u0142odziej, P. (2024). Anthelminthic and Antimicrobial Effects of Hedge Woundwort (Stachys sylvatica L.) Growing in Southern Kazakhstan. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1386509"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2003). European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of Antibacterial Agents by Broth Dilution. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 9, ix\u2013xv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-019-02433-2","article-title":"Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity, and Determination of the Lipophilicity of ((Cyclohex-3-Enylmethylene)Hydrazinyl)Thiazole Derivatives","volume":"28","author":"Biernasiuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and Broth Dilution Methods to Determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Antimicrobial Substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047-217X","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-217X-2-13","article-title":"The Role of Reporting Standards for Metabolite Annotation and Identification in Metabolomic Studies","volume":"2","author":"Salek","year":"2013","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200900570","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Nucleosides, Myriocin, and Carbohydrates in Cordyceps by HPLC Coupled with Diode Array Detection and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2478\/fobio-2014-0004","article-title":"Biologically Active Compounds from Selected Aphyllophorales Mycelial Cultures","volume":"10","author":"Firlej","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Lodz. Folia Biol. Oecologica"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7265","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8008553","article-title":"Phenolic Compound Concentration and Antioxidant Activities of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms from Korea","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106477","article-title":"Exploring the Chemical Composition and Nutritional Properties of Six Edible Mushroom Species from Turkey","volume":"133","author":"Demirtas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400944","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400944","article-title":"Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activity of the Methanolic Extracts of Cirsium monspessulanum (L.) Hill","volume":"21","author":"Kozyra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2478\/hepo-2013-0014","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities and Polyphenolics Content of Flammulina velutipes Mushroom Extracts","volume":"59","author":"Kalbarczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Herba Pol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeles Flores, G., Cusumano, G., Venanzoni, R., and Angelini, P. (2026). Biodiversity-Driven Natural Products and Bioactive Metabolites. Plants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15010104"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mushrooms Do Not Contain Flavonoids","volume":"25","author":"Baeza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00993748","article-title":"A Nematicidal Toxin from Pleurotus ostreatus NRRL 3526","volume":"18","author":"Kwok","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2022043855","article-title":"Antioxidant and Nematocidal Effects of Several Oyster Mushroom Species of Genus Pleurotus (Agaricomycetes)","volume":"24","author":"Giacometi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6078917","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6078917","article-title":"The Possible Biotechnological Use of Edible Mushroom Bioproducts for Controlling Plant and Animal Parasitic Nematodes","volume":"2020","author":"Zamilpa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959433","article-title":"Fatty Acids and Other Compounds with Nematicidal Activity from Cultures of Basidiomycetes","volume":"60","author":"Stadler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(91)90071-U","article-title":"Ability of the Fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius to Immobilise Preparasitic Nematode Larvae","volume":"51","author":"Larsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2015.14447","article-title":"Activity of the Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and of Its Proteases on Panagrellus Sp. Larvae","volume":"14","author":"Genier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2017.10.009","article-title":"Nematicidal Action of Pleurotus eryngii Metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Sufiate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.6206","article-title":"Evaluation of Stropharia Sp. 1.2052 Nematicidal Effects against Meloidogyne Incognita on Tomato","volume":"7","author":"Chuixu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Aldaz Merch\u00e1n, L.E. (2018). Evaluaci\u00f3n de La Actividad Nematicida de Los Extractos Acet\u00f3nico y Metan\u00f3lico de Pleurotus Ostreatus. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.12.006","article-title":"Proteolytic and Nematicidal Potential of the Compost Colonized by Hypsizygus marmoreus","volume":"197","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturella, G., Ferraro, V., Cirlincione, F., and Gargano, M.L. (2021). Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020634"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-022-01219-z","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Inonotusin A an Active Compound Isolated from Boletus Bellinii and Boletus Subtomentosus","volume":"77","author":"Boudagga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015awi\u0105tek, \u0141., Sieniawska, E., Sinan, K.I., Zengin, G., Uba, A.I., Bene, K., Maciejewska-Turska, M., Rajtar, B., Polz-Dacewicz, M., and Aktumsek, A. (2022). Bridging the Chemical Profiles and Biological Effects of Spathodea Campanulata Extracts: A New Contribution on the Road from Natural Treasure to Pharmacy Shelves. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154694"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2023.2260408","article-title":"Therapeutic Properties of Inonotus Obliquus (Chaga Mushroom): A Review","volume":"15","author":"Ern","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushr.v15.i1.40","article-title":"Aqueous Extract from a Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus Obliquus (Higher Basidiomycetes), Prevents Herpes Simplex Virus Entry through Inhibition of Viral-Induced Membrane Fusion","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(03)00395-X","article-title":"Halovirs A\u2013E, New Antiviral Agents from a Marine-Derived Fungus of the Genus Scytalidium","volume":"11","author":"Rowley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.03.011","article-title":"Isolation, Identification and Function of a Novel Anti-HSV-1 Protein from Grifola frondosa","volume":"75","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.10.004","article-title":"A Peptide with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity from the Medicinal Mushroom Russula Paludosa","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261711020044","article-title":"Morphological Characteristics of Natural Strains of Certain Species of Basidiomycetes and Biological Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity under Submerged Cultural Conditions","volume":"80","author":"Dyakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"111","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effect of the Submerged Culture of Sparassis crispa in Soybean Curd Whey","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2021037467","article-title":"Proximate Analysis and In Vitro Biological Activities of Cauliflower Mushroom, Sparassis crispa (Agaricomycetes), from Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Niazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"731","article-title":"A study on the possibility of extracts from Sparassis crispa for cosmetic ingredients","volume":"32","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.50","article-title":"Occurrence and Identification of Chalcones from the Culinary-Medicinal Cauliflower Mushroom Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)","volume":"10","author":"Hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/9\/1559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1777619199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/9\/1559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15091559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15091559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}