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In this study, aqueous (AETS) and hydroethanolic (HETS) extracts obtained from the aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers), as used in traditional infusions, were compared regarding physicochemical composition, redox behavior, cytotoxicity, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities. HETS showed significantly higher phenolic content (2555.96 \u00b1 43.55 mg GAE\/100 mL) compared to AETS (1269.54 \u00b1 20.60 mg GAE\/100 mL) and exhibited stronger DPPH (83.05 \u00b1 0.05%) and ABTS (85.1 \u00b1 1.5%) radical scavenging activity. In contrast, AETS showed greater antioxidant capacity in the TRAP assay from 50 \u00b5g\/mL (p &lt; 0.0001). Both extracts displayed dose-dependent pro-oxidant behavior in the deoxyribose\/Fenton system. In vitro assays demonstrated that both extracts exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, with no significant cytotoxic effects observed at concentrations \u2264 50 \u00b5g\/mL. HETS significantly increased IL-10 levels (p &lt; 0.05), indicating immunomodulatory activity. In antimicrobial assays, HETS showed selective activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC values ranging from 0.625 to 1.25 mg\/mL, while no relevant inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli. No synergistic interaction with vancomycin was detected. Overall, the results indicate that the extraction solvent strongly influences the phenolic enrichment and biological activity. The hydroethanol extract showed the most consistent bioactivity, highlighting its potential for applications as a natural antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-staphylococcal agent. Future studies should focus on compound isolation, mechanistic validation, and evaluation in in vivo models to support potential commercial and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15111841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:06:08Z","timestamp":1779465968000},"page":"1841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemicals from Turnera subulata Exhibiting Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, and Microbiological Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8919-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Carlos","family":"Vital J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7414-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sh\u00eania Santos","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genil Dantas","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri Mangueira do","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Miguel Santos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7925-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u00eandeo Kennedy","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4152-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisson Mac\u00e1rio de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Tereza dos Santos","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9939-0410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele de Figueredo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Wesley","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4722-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Miguel","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Augusto de Bittencourt","family":"Pasquali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Food Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1537273","article-title":"Enhancement of Antibiotic Activity by Phytocompounds of Turnera subulata","volume":"34","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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