{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:10:09Z","timestamp":1780513809462,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF1104900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1104900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Science & Technology Foundation","award":["2025Y0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Y0051"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Key Foundation","award":["CSTB2025TIAD-KPX0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025TIAD-KPX0080"]}]},{"name":"Xiamen Customs Research Project","award":["2024XK12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XK12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A screening method based on dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was established for the analysis of non-edible substances in food. This method is applicable to a wide range of non-edible substances, including but not limited to antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, weight-loss, antimicrobial, antipyretic\u2013analgesic, sedative\u2013hypnotic, and antifatigue agents. Through systematic optimization of sample pretreatment and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS conditions, ultrasonic extraction with methanol followed by cleanup using 25 mg Primary Secondary Amine (PSA) and 50 mg C18 was identified as the optimal procedure. The methodological validation demonstrated that all 38 quality control compounds exhibited excellent linear correlation coefficients (R2 &gt; 0.99) across a concentration range of 0.005~5.0 mg\/kg. At three spiking levels, the mean recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) in four matrices ranged from 67.79% to 110.93% and from 0.23% to 9.37%, respectively. The screening detection limits (SDLs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were within the range of 0.003~0.5 mg\/kg. A screening database comprising 390 substances was constructed. In addition, an identification strategy for the unknown structural analogues was established by summarizing the mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor analogues. Applied to 110 batches of samples, the method screened 12 known non-edible substances and identified a new PDE-5 inhibitor analogue, phenyl 3-desethyl 3-propyl carbodenafil. The workflow integrates suspected screening using a comprehensive database with a non-targeted identification strategy for unknown analogues. Overall, this strategy is efficient, sensitive and accurate, providing a robust analytical platform for high-throughput screening and discovery of illegally added unknown substances in food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15112001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:08:07Z","timestamp":1780510087000},"page":"2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suspected and Non-Targeted Screening of Non-Edible Substances in Food by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7061-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Chongqing Customs, Chongqing 401147, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunxian","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Chongqing Customs, Chongqing 401147, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9519-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tian, J. 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