{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:26:13Z","timestamp":1792718773299,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008859","name":"Fuzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["XRC-25053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XRC-25053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008859","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["XRC-25053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XRC-25053"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011xvna82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fujian College Association Instrumental Analysis Center of Fuzhou University Testing Fund of Precious Apparatus","award":["2026T048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026T048"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025M772970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M772970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2025M772970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M772970"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colitis is a global health challenge that severely impairs quality of life, necessitating effective dietary interventions. This study investigated the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs) on pathological symptoms, inflammatory responses, and gut microbiota dysbiosis in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine model. Our results demonstrated that GLT intervention significantly attenuated the disease activity index (DAI), prevented colon shortening, and fortified gut barrier integrity through upregulating the transcription of tight junction proteins. GLT inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) and bolstered antioxidant defenses (CAT) by controlling the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway and upregulating the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics revealed that GLT reshaped the gut microbial landscape (enriching Enterorhabdus and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group) and reconfigured amino acid metabolism to restore colonic homeostasis. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of GLT as a functional food ingredient to prevent colitis, potentially linked to the modulation of the microbiota\u2013metabolite\u2013immune interplay, offering a novel nutritional strategy for inflammatory bowel disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15112016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:52:30Z","timestamp":1780573950000},"page":"2016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals That Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenoids Ameliorate Colitis Associated with the Modulation of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Weiling","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7229-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Classifying global regions by epidemiological stage","volume":"22","author":"Hindson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62533-z","article-title":"Combining mucosal microbiome and host multi-omics data shows prognostic potential in paediatric ulcerative colitis","volume":"16","author":"Kulecka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.07.003","article-title":"Targeted suppression of human IBD-associated gut microbiota commensals by phage consortia for treatment of intestinal inflammation","volume":"185","author":"Federici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62217-8","article-title":"Metabolomics and proteomics reveal blocking argininosuccinate synthetase 1 alleviates colitis in mice","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadm6843","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adm6843","article-title":"OTUD3 prevents ulcerative colitis by inhibiting microbiota-mediated STING activation","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.107343","article-title":"Wide-target metabolomics and network pharmacology reveal metabolic regulation and targets of bioactive compounds in antler-shaped Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"71","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157557","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes ameliorate age-related cognitive impairment via regulating Eubacterium lentum-mediated serine metabolism","volume":"149","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00836A","article-title":"Ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders and modulates the gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet fed rats","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138400","article-title":"High molecular weight polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum attenuates inflammatory responses, gut microbiota, and liver metabolomic in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury mice","volume":"287","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"402","author":"Honap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59354-5","article-title":"Enrichment of human IgA-coated bacterial vesicles in ulcerative colitis as a driver of inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Thapa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2013.805202","article-title":"Anti-cancer properties of triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum\u2014A review","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105192","article-title":"The gut microbiota-polyphenol interplay and its role in gut-organ axes: From mechanisms to functional outcomes","volume":"163","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.047","article-title":"The Tight Junction Protein ZO-1 Is Dispensable for barrier function but critical for effective mucosal repair","volume":"161","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8894331","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8894331","article-title":"Chlamydia muridarum alleviates colitis via the IL-22\/Occludin signal pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679897","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.679897","article-title":"Kaempferol alleviates murine experimental colitis by restoring gut microbiota and inhibiting the LPS-TLR4-NF-\u03baB axis","volume":"12","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116794","article-title":"Activation of GABABR alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by rebalancing inflammatory responses and antioxidant capacity through IRAK-M","volume":"181","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19366","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03544","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins and \u03b2-Glucan synergistically regulate intestinal inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice","volume":"72","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08363","article-title":"Chicoric Acid Alleviates colitis via targeting the gut microbiota accompanied by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and inhibiting inflammatory responses","volume":"72","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.004","article-title":"IL-10 sensing by lung interstitial macrophages prevents bacterial dysbiosis-driven pulmonary inflammation and maintains immune homeostasis","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113671","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii GLJ001 prevents DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization via gut microbiota-SCFAs axis","volume":"144","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250060","article-title":"Blautia producta displays potential probiotic properties against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12704","article-title":"Characterization of amygdalin-degrading Lactobacillus species","volume":"118","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. MicroBiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330291","article-title":"Roseburia intestinalis generated butyrate boosts anti-PD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer by activating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells","volume":"72","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392875","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2392875","article-title":"Examination of sex-specific interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism after 12-week combined polyphenol supplementation in individuals with overweight or obesity","volume":"16","author":"Jardon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114785","article-title":"Tyzzerella nexilis strains enriched in mobile genetic elements are involved in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Takewaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319664","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol drives fatty liver-associated liver cancer by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2026.125413","article-title":"Structural characterization of an acetylated glucomannan from Aloe barbadensis and its alleviation of murine colitis via coordinated ECM repair and microbiota-metabolism actions","volume":"385","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49462-w","article-title":"Discrepant gut microbiota markers for the classification of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126722","article-title":"An overview of Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis: Motility, adherence and biofilm formation","volume":"247","author":"Mea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2022.130269","article-title":"Pseudomonas quinolone signal induces organelle stress and dysregulates inflammation in human macrophages","volume":"1867","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.121141","article-title":"Oligosaccharides and small molecule components of Sijunzi decoction modulate the gut microbiota-bile acid axis to synergistically alleviate spleen deficiency syndrome","volume":"360","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114399","article-title":"The alteration of gut microbiota in venlafaxine-ameliorated chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in mice","volume":"446","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132057","article-title":"Adverse effect of oxidized cholesterol exposure on colitis is mediated by modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"459","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1301","article-title":"Systems biology of host-microbe metabolomics","volume":"7","author":"Heinken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24661","article-title":"A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites","volume":"551","author":"Dodd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112998","article-title":"Protective effect of walnut active peptide against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice based on untargeted metabolomics","volume":"141","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.121848","article-title":"LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis of Berberine treatment in ulcerative colitis rats","volume":"1133","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.152406","article-title":"Glycoside hydrolase-mediated utilization of Poria cocos polysaccharide enriches Lactobacillus gasseri and activates the AhR\u2013IL-22 axis to attenuate DSS-induced colitis","volume":"366","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106930","article-title":"Sea buckthorn pulp oil nanoemulsion ameliorates colitis by regulating inflammatory cytokines, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and affecting the gut microbiota, fecal metabolome in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140195","article-title":"Metabolomics study of dietary Pleurotus eryngii \u03b2-type glycosidic polysaccharide on colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice-Exploration for the potential metabolic indicators in urine and serum","volume":"458","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/11\/2016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:12:15Z","timestamp":1780719135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/11\/2016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15112016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15112016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}}}