{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:59Z","timestamp":1785437939979,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["PIR2026_10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIR2026_10"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["VPDT 03\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VPDT 03\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["PIR2025_05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIR2025_05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1240615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["1240615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240615"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteriophage-based products are gaining attention as effective tools to reduce harmful germs in food and combat antimicrobial resistance throughout the food production process. However, in South America, their use is still limited because of complicated regulations and inconsistent evidence requirements. This review aims to (i) explore the current scientific and technological landscape of using bacteriophages in South American food systems, (ii) identify main regulatory challenges that impact their classification, approval, and use, and (iii) highlight the need for consistent international guidelines, especially from Codex Alimentarius, to help safely and effectively incorporate phage-based products in food. Research on phage-based products is growing, but it is not consistent across different regions. There are more patents and advancements in biotechnology, but they are limited to certain areas. Although progress is being made, the regulatory frameworks are still unclear, especially when it comes to how these products are classified, labeled, and monitored for safety. To address these gaps, risk-based guidelines are needed. These should define product categories and claims, set safety standards, and include rules for tracking products and monitoring them after they hit the market. Creating a new Codex Alimentarius project on phage-based products could help establish global guidelines that promote safe use, reduce uncertainty in regulations, and improve trade in food markets around the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15112031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:43:04Z","timestamp":1780648984000},"page":"2031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulatory Harmonization Needs for Farm-to-Fork Bacteriophage Applications in South American Food Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8416-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Microbiolog\u00eda Traslacional Para la Vigilancia e Innovaci\u00f3n en Sistemas Sanitarios, Ambientales y Productivos MICRA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Av. Manuel Montt 948, Santiago 7500908, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4819-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Bast\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Av. Universidad #330, Valpara\u00edso 2520000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9786-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gast\u00f3n","family":"Higuera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biology and Agro-Food Systems Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Av. El L\u00edbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s Marlene","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Galarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asesora en Asuntos Internacionales y Regulatorios, Agencia Chilena para la Calidad e Inocuidad Alimentaria, Calle Nueva York 17, piso 4, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Asuntos Internacionales y Regulatorios, Agencia Chilena Para la Calidad e Inocuidad Alimentaria, Calle Nueva York 17, piso 4, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasim","family":"Allel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Santiago 8320165, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Fonseca-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Eug\u00eanio do Nascimento Avenue, 610\u2014Aeroporto, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7795-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha J.","family":"Vives F","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judy Natalia","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Basic and Applied Microbiology (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4745-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Echeverr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Evolution of Viruses, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Marambio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdepartamento Registro y Control Medicamentos Veterinarios, Divisi\u00f3n Protecci\u00f3n Pecuaria, Servicio Agr\u00edcola y Ganadero, Avenida Bulnes N\u00b0 140, Santiago Centro 8330508, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITISB\u2014Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda Para la Innovaci\u00f3n en Salud y Bienestar, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda. 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