{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:34:30Z","timestamp":1785429270936,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025MS03075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025MS03075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32560818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32560818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32560818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32560818"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science Fund Training Project of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","award":["BR230405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR230405"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Education Department Special Research Project For First-Class Disciplines","award":["YLXKZX-NND-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-007"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D project of Inner Mongolia","award":["2023YFDZ0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFDZ0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the quality and flavor of meat from four categories of Mongolian horses (Wushen, Baicha, Barhu, and Ujimqin). Physicochemical indicators, electronic nose, electronic tongue, and lipidomics were used to characterize meat quality and flavor and to screen for differential markers. Results showed that Wushen Horses had the highest pH45min, serine, glutamic acid, total free amino acids (\u2211FAA), total non-essential amino acids (\u2211NEAA), total amino acids (\u2211TAA), NEAA\/TAA, W2S sensor response, umami and richness values, and had the lowest cooking loss, EAA\/TAA, EAA\/NEAA, sourness, bitterness and aftertaste B values (p &lt; 0.01). In contrast, Barhu Horses had the highest b*45min, C20:2 and saltiness values, and had the lowest W5S, W1S and W2W sensor responses (p &lt; 0.01). Lipidomics identified 163 differential lipids (DELs) as potential markers, including LPC (18:2\/0:0) and PC (16:0_16:0). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed DELs were significantly enriched in glycerolipid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and \u03b1-linolenic acid metabolism pathways. Correlation analysis indicated 23 DELs (e.g., carnitine C20:4) correlated positively with umami, W2S and richness, but negatively with shear force and cooking loss. In summary, our data show that among the four categories of Mongolian horses, Wushen Horses exhibited the best meat quality and flavor, while Barhu Horses showed the poorest. The differences in meat quality and flavor were closely associated with changes in lipid composition. This study provides direct molecular evidence from lipids for the variation in meat quality among Mongolian horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15112044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:18:16Z","timestamp":1780679896000},"page":"2044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Meat Quality and Flavor Among Four Categories of Mongolian Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equus Research Center of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Revitalization Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equus Research Center of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manglai","family":"Dugarjaviina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equus Research Center of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equus Research Center of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab003","article-title":"Horse meat production in northern Spain: Ecosystem services and sustainability in High Nature Value farmland","volume":"11","author":"Insausti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. 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