{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:09:02Z","timestamp":1785431342808,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1100103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1100103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020784","name":"Gannan Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["QD202561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD202561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["QD202561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD202561"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tjgw469","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) mimics breast milk fat, yet its regulation of gut short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains unclear. Herein, stable OPO microcapsules (94.12% efficiency) were prepared using soy protein isolate\/maltodextrin. Integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics in mice, we found OPO intervention dose-dependently increased acetic, propanoic, and butyric acids in the jejunum and colon. Multi-omics analysis revealed OPO upregulated key genes governing lipid digestion (FABP2, NPC1L1, MTTP) and bile secretion (ABCA1). These results indicate that OPO is closely associated with increased SCFA production, suggesting a potential pathway wherein optimized host nutrient digestion and absorption patterns create a favorable metabolic environment for distal microbial fermentation, rather than merely providing substrates. This study provides correlative multi-omics insights into a potential mechanism for OPO\u2019s health benefits in functional foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15122075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:25:16Z","timestamp":1780935916000},"page":"2075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microencapsulated OPO Enhances Intestinal SCFA Production by Optimizing Lipid Digestion and Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haocheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9540-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhandong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiguo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frydrych, A., Kulita, K., Jurowski, K., and Piekoszewski, W. (2025). Lipids in Clinical Nutrition and Health: Narrative Review and Dietary Recommendations. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14030473"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dikalov, S., Panov, A., and Dikalova, A. (2024). Critical Role of Mitochondrial fatty Acid Metabolism in Normal Cell Function and Pathological Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126498"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70969","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70969","article-title":"Chemical Changes in Deep-Fat Frying: Reaction Mechanisms, Oil Degradation, and Health Implications","volume":"13","author":"Bazina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00590A","article-title":"fatty acids and their sn-2 positional distribution in breast milk and their association with edible oils in maternal diet: A study of five regions in China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10256","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2079606","article-title":"Effects of Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding on infants\u2019 growth, stool characteristics, stool fatty acid soap contents and bone mineral content: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03223B","article-title":"Development of the digestive system in early infancy and nutritional management of digestive problems in breastfed and formula-fed infants","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133298","article-title":"Mechanism of the initial oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acids","volume":"392","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16410","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06221","article-title":"Unraveling the Thermal Oxidation Products and Peroxidation Mechanisms of Different Chemical Structures of Lipids: An Example of Molecules Containing Oleic Acid","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangild, P.T. (2024). Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111676"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coniglio, S., Shumskaya, M., and Vassiliou, E. (2023). Unsaturated fatty Acids and Their Immunomodulatory Properties. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020279"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.134","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid encapsulation system: Physical and oxidative stability, and medical applications","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3272","article-title":"Functional roles and novel tools for improving-oxidative stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids: A comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolte, S., Kruger, K., Lenz, C., and Zentgraf, K. (2023). Optimizing the Gut Microbiota for Individualized Performance Development in Elite Athletes. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121491"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03062-z","article-title":"Inflammatory crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and gut microbiota-white adipose tissue axis","volume":"62","author":"Jamar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, T., Sindhu, S., Hasan, A., Malik, Z., Arefanian, H., Al-Rashed, F., Nizam, R., Kochumon, S., Thomas, R., and Bahman, F. (2024). Soybean oil-based HFD induces gut dysbiosis that leads to steatosis, hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1407258"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146525","article-title":"Decoding the mechanism of dietary fatty acids-driven phytosterol esterification promoting intestinal absorption","volume":"496","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9503","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01642J","article-title":"In vitro gastrointestinal digestibility of phytosterol oleogels: Influence of self-assembled microstructures on emulsification efficiency and lipase activity","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., and Zhou, J. (2024). Unraveling the gut health puzzle: Exploring the mechanisms of butyrate and the potential of High-Amylose Maize Starch Butyrate (HAMSB) in alleviating colorectal disturbances. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1285169"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135947","article-title":"The structure of triglycerides impacts the digestibility and bioaccessibility of nutritional lipids during in vitro simulated digestion","volume":"418","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897212","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897212","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health","volume":"13","author":"Nogal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12464","article-title":"Role of short-chain fatty acids in host physiology","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Models Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, S.L., and McClements, D.J. (2020). Recent Advances in Encapsulation, Protection, and Oral Delivery of Bioactive Proteins and Peptides using Colloidal Systems. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051161"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139478","article-title":"Oral soluble shell prepared from OSA starch incorporated with tea polyphenols for the microencapsulation of Sichuan pepper oleoresin: Characterization, flavor stability, release mechanisms and its application in mooncake","volume":"451","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111430","article-title":"Effects of lutein particle size in embedding emulsions on encapsulation efficiency, storage stability, and dissolution rate of microencapsules through spray drying","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2015). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Edible Fats and Oil Products (Standard No. GB 15196-2015)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.121972","article-title":"Development and validation of a GC-FID method for the analysis of short chain fatty acids in rat and human faeces and in fermentation fluids","volume":"1143","author":"Scortichini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, X.T., Guo, C., Ma, L.-T., Li, X.-N., Zhang, Q.-Y., Huang, F.-S., Zhang, M.-M., Bai, Y., Liang, G.-B., and Li, Y.-Q. (2023). Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of the anterior cingulate cortex in neuropathic pain model rats. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1164426"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, B., Geng, M., Xue, Y., Yu, Q., Lu, B., Liu, M., Shao, Y., Li, C., Xu, J., and Li, J. (2024). Combined miRNA and mRNA sequencing reveals the defensive strategies of resistant YHY15 rice against differentially virulent brown planthoppers. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1366515"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110110","article-title":"Improvement of foaming and emulsifying properties of SPI via weak-base synchronized membrane separation: Insight from tuning the interfacial flexibility","volume":"154","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04658-8","article-title":"Liver-derived metabolites as signaling molecules in fatty liver disease","volume":"80","author":"Keles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhan, J., Zhao, S., Jiang, H., Jia, H., Pan, Y., Zhong, X., and Huo, J. (2024). Interaction Between Liver Metabolism and Gut Short-Chain fatty Acids via Liver-Gut Axis Affects Body Weight in Lambs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413386"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00625-0","article-title":"Control of lymphocyte functions by gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grundmann, M., Bender, E., Schamberger, J., and Eitner, F. (2021). Pharmacology of Free fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041763"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puebla, C., Morselli, E., Khan, N.A., and Retamal, M.A. (2022). Editorial: Free fatty Acids as Signaling Molecules: Role of Free fatty Acid Receptors and CD36. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.862458"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414796","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2414796","article-title":"The effects of gut microbiota on appetite regulation and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., and Dong, H. (2023). The roles of short-chain fatty acids derived from colonic bacteria fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates and exogenous forms in ameliorating intestinal mucosal immunity of young ruminants. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1291846"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., He, C., An, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Fu, W., Wang, M., Shan, Z., Xie, J., and Yang, Y. (2024). The Role of Short Chain fatty Acids in Inflammation and Body Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137379"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2024.2383429","article-title":"Bioactivities and Applications of Fruit Byproducts and Their Phytochemicals: A Mini Review","volume":"40","author":"Balogun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rios-Covian, D., Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Nogacka, A.M., Arboleya, S., Salazar, N., Gueimonde, M., and de Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n, C.G. (2020). An Overview on Fecal Branched Short-Chain fatty Acids Along Human Life and as Related With Body Mass Index: Associated Dietary and Anthropometric Factors. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00973"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.01.139","article-title":"Transport characteristics of 5-aminosalicylic acid into colonic epithelium: Involvement of sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter SMCT1-mediated transport system","volume":"524","author":"Yuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8688","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02654","article-title":"Highly Branched RG-I Domain Enrichment Is Indispensable for Pectin Mitigating against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00538-y","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction alters nutrient metabolism in the intestine of porcine offspring","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03755F","article-title":"The nutritional and functional properties of 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol-rich oil: Promoting early-life growth and intestinal health with alterations in the intestinal microbiota of Micropterus salmoides","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.09.010","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids in gut health: Absorption, metabolism and function","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Z., Zheng, J., Zhu, Z., Sang, L., Zhu, J., Luo, S., Zhao, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., and Hao, K. (2022). Intermediate role of gut microbiota in vitamin B nutrition and its influences on human health. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1031502"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172671","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2172671","article-title":"Bile acids as modulators of gut microbiota composition and function","volume":"15","author":"Larabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2104.04016","article-title":"Bone Homeostasis and Gut Microbial-Dependent Signaling Pathways","volume":"31","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori, H., Baroni, G.S., Marzioni, M., Di Nicola, F., Santori, P., Maroni, L., Abenavoli, L., and Scarpellini, E. (2022). Farnesoid X Receptor, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070647"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00783-4","article-title":"Intestinal oxygen and microbiota crosstalk: Implications for pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"17","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01006E","article-title":"Medium-, long- and medium-chain-type structured lipids ameliorate high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis by regulating inflammation, adipogenesis, and gut microbiota in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"11","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/12\/2075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:47:58Z","timestamp":1781326078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/12\/2075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15122075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15122075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}