{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:43:16Z","timestamp":1792449796077,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oropharyngeal dysphagia is prevalent in hospitalized geriatric and neurological populations and constitutes a major driver of disease-related malnutrition. Conventional texture-modified diets frequently rely on diluting solid foods with liquid agents to achieve safe swallowing consistency, a process that reduces caloric and protein density per gram and creates a so-called volume paradox, whereby large meal volumes deliver inadequate nutrients. This retrospective observational study, conducted at the Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS in Rome, compared nutritional intake in 208 hospitalized dysphagic adults receiving either a traditional homogenized standard diet (THSD; n = 58) or a density-enriched dysphagia-prepared diet (DPD; n = 150). Following propensity-score matching, total daily energy intake was significantly higher with the DPD compared to the THSD (1024 \u00b1 307 kcal vs. 523 \u00b1 161 kcal; p &lt; 0.0001), as was total protein intake (37.3 \u00b1 12.9 g vs. 26.2 \u00b1 12.7 g; p &lt; 0.0001). Clinically meaningful differences were observed across all meal components, including a more than twofold advantage in breakfast protein content (6.6 \u00b1 1.7 g vs. 3.0 \u00b1 1.5 g). Despite these improvements, total energy and protein intake remained below estimated daily requirements in both groups, highlighting the need for systematic nutritional monitoring alongside catering optimization. These findings support density-enrichment as a practical and safe strategy for improving nutritional adequacy in dysphagic inpatients, with implications for reducing reliance on oral nutritional supplements and mitigating disease-related malnutrition in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15122104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:14:58Z","timestamp":1781180098000},"page":"2104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nutritional Intake in Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Retrospective Comparison of Traditional Homogenized and Density-Enriched Prepared Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9610-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cintoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in Nutrizione Umana, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0940-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline Celine","family":"Raoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Buscaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Specializzazione in \u201cScienza dell\u2019Alimentazione\u201d, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Palombaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Rinninella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in Nutrizione Umana, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Capristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in Nutrizione Umana, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UOS Medicina della Grande Obesit\u00e0, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in Nutrizione Umana, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8463-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in Nutrizione Umana, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.010","article-title":"COVID-19 is associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia and malnutrition in hospitalized patients during the spring 2020 wave of the pandemic","volume":"41","author":"Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poudel, P., Paudel, G., Acharya, R., George, A., Borgnakke, W.S., and Rawal, L.B. (2024). Oral health and healthy ageing: A scoping review. 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