{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:53:00Z","timestamp":1781499180837,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology","award":["202502AE090019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202502AE090019"]}]},{"name":"China Central Fund for Guiding Development of Local Science and Technology","award":["202407AB110010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202407AB110010"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Project for Key Core Technologies in Agriculture","award":["2025HXJSGG0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HXJSGG0103"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Digital Technology","award":["202503AP140020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202503AP140020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In complex mountainous environments, the asynchronous development between external color turning and internal sugar accumulation (often termed \u201cfalse maturity\u201d) in coffee cherries poses a severe challenge to post-harvest quality sorting and the consistency of final coffee products. To overcome the limitations of single-phenotype detection in raw material screening, this study proposed a multimodal quality discrimination framework integrating fruit hyperspectral imaging, micro-topography, and plant physiological characteristics. Taking typical mountain-grown fresh coffee cherries as the research object, and after comparing various spectral preprocessing and feature dimensionality reduction algorithms, the multimodal fusion efficacy of nine machine learning classifiers was systematically evaluated. The results demonstrated that: (1) Full-spectrum difference analysis quantitatively confirmed the limitations of visual harvesting; spectral reflectance differences between high- and low-sugar fruits were highly concentrated in the red and red-edge regions, with the maximum difference precisely located at 676 nm. (2) Compared to the single-spectrum model (mean accuracy of 75.93%), the fully fused Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) network effectively mitigated background noise induced by heterogeneous environments, improving the mean classification accuracy to 77.22% with a mean Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.827. (3) Correlation analysis clarified the quantitative association between topography and quality; micro-topographic slope (r = 0.346) was identified as the key environmental driver of spatial differentiation in fruit sugar content, while plant chlorophyll A content (r = 0.183) exhibited a corresponding physiological response trend. This study not only explains the root cause of visual assessment failure from a physical optics perspective but also reveals the spatial variation laws of quality driven by micro-topography, providing preliminary data support for the intelligent sorting of raw materials and ensuring post-harvest quality consistency of mountainous crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15122149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"2149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering \u201cFalse Maturity\u201d in Mountain Coffee: A Multimodal Hyperspectral Framework for Non-Destructive Sugar Content Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linrui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luoyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0586-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abalo, R. 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