{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:48:24Z","timestamp":1791589704260,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Food and Drug Homologous Resources Functional Food Innovation Team","award":["A3032023057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3032023057"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Province-City Integration Project","award":["202302AN360002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302AN360002"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Health Food","award":["202203AP140011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203AP140011"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Province Xing Dian Talent Support Program-Young Talent Special","award":["XDYC-QNRC-2023-0405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDYC-QNRC-2023-0405"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel acidic polysaccharide (WDP) was purified from walnut dregs, and its structural characteristics and immunomodulatory function were investigated. WDP had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 351.94 kDa and consisted mainly of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. Methylation and NMR analyses further demonstrated that the backbone of WDP comprised \u21924)-\u03b1-D-GalpA-(1\u2192, \u21923,6)-\u03b2-D-Galp-(1\u2192, \u21926)-\u03b2-D-Galp-(1\u2192, \u21924)-\u03b2-D-Galp-(1\u2192, and \u21924)-\u03b1-D-Glcp-(1\u2192 residues, with branched chains consisting of terminal \u03b1-L-Araf-(1\u2192 residues or \u03b1-L-Araf-(1\u21925)-\u03b1-L-Araf-(1\u2192 fragments attached to the O-3 position of \u21923,6)-\u03b2-D-Galp-(1\u2192 residues. In vitro assays indicated that WDP modulated immune responses in RAW264.7 cells by enhancing their phagocytosis; increasing NO release and the secretion of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1; and activating the MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting its potential as an immunomodulatory agent. These results provide a scientific foundation for the development of walnut dregs-derived functional foods with immune-enhancing properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15132252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"2252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Polysaccharide from Walnut Dregs: Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects via Activation of MAPK Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wanying","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"College of Tea (Pu\u2019er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu\u2019er 665000, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Homologous Functional Food, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Pu\u2019er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu\u2019er 665000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food 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