{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:46:31Z","timestamp":1790390791481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YQ2020C036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2020C036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Graduate Research and Innovation Project of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Reclamation University","award":["YJSCX2025-XCZX50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSCX2025-XCZX50"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008828","name":"Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["XYB201916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XYB201916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioactive peptides have health benefits, but the intense bitterness associated with their hydrolysis severely restricts their industrial applications. This paper systematically constructs a collaborative theoretical framework that integrates intelligent prediction, targeted debittering, and multi-dimensional evaluation. Firstly, it reviews the core applications of deep learning (such as quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship (QSAR) and graph convolutional network (GCN)) combined with molecular docking technology in the high-throughput identification of bitter peptides and the analysis of target receptor interaction mechanisms. Secondly, it discusses how artificial intelligence and computational simulation can improve the efficiency of traditional debittering processes, emphasizing the advantages of multifunctional composite wall materials in the targeted encapsulation and delivery of bitter peptides, as well as the metabolic regulatory mechanisms behind controlling microbial fermentation for the debittering of specific peptide substrates. Finally, to provide a high-fidelity data closed loop for artificial intelligence (AI) models, a three-dimensional cross-validation system integrating standardized quantitative sensory evaluation and biomimetic electronic tongues was established. Future research should focus on developing large models for flavor generation to drive the green and targeted creation of low-bitterness and highly active peptides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15132301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"2301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research Progress on Intelligent Prediction, Debittering Technologies, and Multi-Dimensional Evaluation for Bitter Peptides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jun-Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"Daqing Center of Inspection and Testing for Agricultural Products Ministry of Agriculture, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai-Xia","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-Products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Qun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-Products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2022.03.007","article-title":"Health benefits of bioactive peptides produced from muscle proteins: Antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic activities","volume":"116","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5153","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13050","article-title":"Review on the release mechanism and debittering technology of bitter peptides from protein hydrolysates","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. 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