{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:00:21Z","timestamp":1785427221679,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}]},{"award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the role of ascorbic acid in alleviating ammonia-induced muscle quality deterioration and to clarify its regulatory effects on apoptosis, texture, and flavor-related metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The results demonstrated that ascorbic acid alleviated ammonia stress-induced inflammatory and apoptotic damage by regulating toll like receptor 5 (TLR5), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) expression, thereby contributing to the restoration of myofibrillar integrity, reduced extracellular gaps, and increased shear force from 14.18 N to 18.26 N (p &lt; 0.05). Ascorbic acid modulated ammonia handling and ion-exchange responses by upregulating glutamine synthetase (GS) expression from approximately 2.3-fold to 6.7-fold and increasing ornithine and citrulline accumulation. Alterations in tricarboxylic acid cycle-related metabolites further suggested that energy metabolism may be involved in the physiological adaptation to ammonia stress. Meanwhile, the ascorbic acid reduced the accumulation of key off-flavor compounds (1-octene-3-alcohol and (E)-2-nonenal), attenuating the earthy\u2013moldy and fishy flavor. This research proposes a potential strategy to improve muscle quality in live transportation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15132316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:58:04Z","timestamp":1782799084000},"page":"2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Apoptosis, Metabolism, and Muscle Quality in Ammonia-Stressed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9183-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siliang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Characteristic Resources and Utilization, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Characteristic Resources and Utilization, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"},{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Characteristic Resources and Utilization, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Food Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangquan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Characteristic Resources and Utilization, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7797-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Characteristic Resources and Utilization, Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural 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