{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:12:05Z","timestamp":1783746725386,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spirulina-derived protein hydrolysates (SPPHs) have attracted considerable attention as bioactive agents due to their potential metabolic and physiological benefits. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of different enzyme-specific SPPHs\u2014Pepsin (SPPH-P), Trypsin (SPPH-T), Chymotrypsin (SPPH-C), and a combined hydrolysate (SPPH-PTC)\u2014in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced male Wister rats, compared with Spirulina platensis protein extract (SPPE, formulated using freeze\u2013thaw cycles and ultrasonication followed by centrifugation) and atorvastatin as a Positive Control. The animals were randomly allocated into seven groups (n = 6 per group) and received their respective treatments orally for 4 weeks. Across treatment groups, significant improvements in obesity-related anthropometric indices were observed, including reductions in BMI, Lee Index, and abdominal circumference to thoracic circumference ratio (AC:TC), with the strongest effects noted in the atorvastatin and SPPH-PTC groups. Protein metabolism markers showed enhanced hepatic and serum protein status, reflected by increased albumin and total protein concentrations. Lipid profile analysis revealed marked decreases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL in both serum and liver homogenates, while HDL exhibited non-significant but favorable elevations. Liver function markers (bilirubin, ALT, AST) and renal parameters (uric acid, BUN) demonstrated notable improvements, particularly in enzyme-derived hydrolysate groups and Positive Control. Antioxidant assessments indicated substantial reductions in MDA levels and significant increases in SOD, CAT, and GSH activities in serum and liver tissues, confirming enhanced oxidative stress resistance. Among all treatments, SPPH-PTC consistently produced the most robust therapeutic outcomes. Overall, Spirulina protein hydrolysates, especially the combined PTC formulation, exert comprehensive beneficial effects on metabolic regulation, hepatic and renal function, and oxidative balance. These findings support their potential application as functional bioactive agents for managing obesity-associated metabolic disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15132399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1783354839000},"page":"2399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ameliorative Effects of Spirulina platensis Protein Hydrolysate on Oxidative Stress and Dyslipidemia in Model Animal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8455-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaullah","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9462-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azmatullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pappan, N., Awosika, A.O., and Rehman, A. 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