{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:33:14Z","timestamp":1785407594528,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECS00000036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ECS00000036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000036"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apple processing generates large amounts of pomace, a by-product rich in bioactive compounds. This study characterized an apple pomace extract (APE) obtained via supercritical CO2 and evaluated its antioxidant, cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory, antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Total phenolic (TPC), proanthocyanidin (TPAC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, together with DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays, were determined in the starting material, exhausted residue and APE to assess extraction efficiency. Subsequently, the volatile and water-soluble fractions of the extract were analysed using GC-MS and HPLC-MS, respectively. Its safety was evaluated through a cytotoxicity assay on Caco-2\/TC-7 cells and TNF-\u03b1 secretion, while antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were assessed following a modified CLSI protocol and Innovotech guidelines, respectively. APE showed higher TPC, TPAC and TFC than both starting material and residue, together with strong antioxidant activity. Characterization revealed a predominance of pentacyclic triterpenes and glycosylated flavonols, while volatiles were dominated by alcohols and aldehydes. APE was cytocompatible up to 72 mg mL\u22121 and did not induce significant TNF-\u03b1 release. It inhibited planktonic bacterial growth mainly at 90\u2013180 mg mL\u22121, whereas biofilm eradication occurred at 45 mg mL\u22121. These findings support the use of apple pomace as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds for food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15142435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:16:22Z","timestamp":1783592182000},"page":"2435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supercritical CO2 Apple Pomace Extract: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Cytocompatibility, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gaia","family":"Muratore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi A.","family":"Di Ciccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Morra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Sandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Torino, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2919-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia M.","family":"Bertea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Torino, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Destefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Separeco S.r.l., Via Battitori 19, 10060 Macello, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Civera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Apple Industry: Wastes and Possibilities","volume":"5","author":"Manrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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