{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:02:12Z","timestamp":1786122132827,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017710","name":"Zhejiang \u201cSannong Jiufang\u201d Science and Technology Collaboration Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025SNJF024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SNJF024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017710","name":"Zhejiang Special Financial Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026CZZX04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026CZZX04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), traditionally used for both medicinal and culinary purposes, is rich in high-quality protein and amino acids, making it an excellent raw material for the preparation of bioactive peptides. In recent years, soft-shelled turtle peptides have gradually become a research focus due to their significant physiological functions, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Methods: This review systematically sorts out and analyzes 76 relevant research papers published from 2002 to 2026 and comprehensively elaborates on the current state of soft-shelled turtle peptide research, encompassing sources, preparation, and purification strategies, while placing special emphasis on the diverse functional activities and the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed bioactivities. Results: For preparation, enzymatic hydrolysis has become the mainstream method due to its high efficiency and mild conditions; fermentation offers the advantages of low cost and the ability to simultaneously remove odours and enhance flavour, demonstrating good application potential. This review summarizes five key bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-fatigue, antihypertensive, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, and specifically focusing on the current evidence from in vitro and animal studies. Antioxidant and antihypertensive activities have been validated in vivo, whereas the rest remain only tested in vitro, highlighting the need for deeper mechanistic investigation. Conclusions: The review provides an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms through which soft-shelled turtle peptides exert their physiological activities, including free radical scavenging and the regulation of signaling pathways. This review highlights the potential of soft-shelled turtles as a sustainable source of bioactive peptides and offers strategic recommendations for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15162773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1786089696000},"page":"2773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Peptides from Soft-Shelled Turtle: Extraction, Preparation and Biological Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3355-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanna","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4444-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guijie","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Haolin Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311522, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-010-0007-1","article-title":"The world\u2019s economically most important chelonians represent a diverse species complex (Testudines: Trionychidae: Pelodiscus)","volume":"10","author":"Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Divers. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.103971","article-title":"Nutritional evaluation of two strains of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Yang, Z., Zhuang, J., Zhang, J., Shen, F., Yu, P., Zhong, H., and Feng, F. (2022). Antiaging function of Chinese pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) peptide through activation of the Nrf2\/Keap1 signaling pathway and its structure-activity relationship. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.961922"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, L., Shi, Q., Shangguan, Y., Chen, C., Zhu, J., Dong, Z., Hong, X., Liu, X., Wei, C., and Zhu, X. (2025). Molecular Response and Metabolic Reprogramming of the Spleen Coping with Cold Stress in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020217"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1822","article-title":"Recent research progress of biologically active peptides","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1319795","article-title":"Current Trends and Perspectives of Bioactive Peptides","volume":"58","author":"Daliri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01613-0","article-title":"Purification, microstructure, functional properties and antioxidant activity of peptides from Chinese pond turtle hydrolysate","volume":"34","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03307K","article-title":"Screening of anti-liver fibrosis peptides from turtle shell protein using two-enzyme hydrolysis by molecular docking","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.117408","article-title":"Antioxidant property and functionality of protein hydrolysate from Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"217","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10281","article-title":"Bioavailability and prebiotic potential of Carapax Trionycis, a waste from soft-shelled turtle processing","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"81","article-title":"Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties and Osteocyte Proliferative Activity of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Products of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.12.022","article-title":"Involvement of Nrf2 and Keap1 in the activation of antioxidant responsive element (ARE) by chemopreventive agent peptides from soft-shelled turtle","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.04.024","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on the characterization and properties of collagen extracted from soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"82","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Xie, R., Mei, Y., Chen, W., Hu, J., Liu, H., Du, H., Hao, G., Ji, X., and Li, S. (2026). Prospecting of Novel Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Bone Collagen of Pelodiscus sinensis by Computer-Aided Screening, Molecular Docking, and Network Pharmacology. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15040663"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"270","article-title":"Extraction Optimization and Characterization of Collagen from the Lung of Soft-Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110414","article-title":"Nutritional composition and proteomic analysis of soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) egg and identification of oligopeptides with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity","volume":"145","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"356","article-title":"Xi-chang, Characteristics of protein from Chinese soft-shelled turtle meat (Trionyx sinensis)","volume":"15","author":"Dan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-024-03399-1","article-title":"A novel ACE inhibitory peptide from Pelodiscus sinensis Wiegmann meat water-soluble protein hydrolysate","volume":"56","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146188","article-title":"From Chinemys reevesii shell to trauma care: Preparation and characterization of chitosan-tortoiseshell collagen composite sponge with hemostasis property","volume":"321","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.048","article-title":"Purification, optimization and physicochemical properties of collagen from soft-shelled turtle calipash","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734263","article-title":"Characterization and functional analysis of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) in Pelodiscus sinensis","volume":"511","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2026.105574","article-title":"Turtle shell as a health food ingredient: A review of global utilization, nutritients, health benefits, and functional food potential","volume":"169","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.056","article-title":"Fish skin as a biomaterial for halal collagen and gelatin","volume":"29","author":"Nurilmala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.082","article-title":"Valorization of discarded Marine Eel fish skin for collagen extraction as a 3D printable blue biomaterial for tissue engineering","volume":"230","author":"Govindharaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2019.100166","article-title":"Collagen from Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) tendon: A promising sustainable biomaterial for pharmaceutical use","volume":"13","author":"Gronlien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"33","article-title":"Turtle Shell Extract as a Functional Food and Its Component-based Comparison among Different Species","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herb. Med. Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.01.035","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of novel peptides cOT2 and sOT2 derived from Crocodylus siamensis and Pelodiscus sinensis ovotransferrins","volume":"1859","author":"Prajanban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) -Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110963","article-title":"Marine collagen and its derivatives: Versatile and sustainable bio-resources for healthcare","volume":"113","author":"Salvatore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.12.015","article-title":"Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of visceral waste proteins of Catla (Catla catla) for preparing protein hydrolysate using a commercial protease","volume":"99","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2020.101424","article-title":"Thermal stable characteristics of acid- and pepsin-soluble collagens from the carapace tissue of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1903","article-title":"Degree of hydrolysis, functional and antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates from Grass Turtle (Chinemys reevesii) as influenced by enzymatic hydrolysis conditions","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.145006","article-title":"Research Progress on bioactive peptides from animal sources: A comprehensive review","volume":"490","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01558","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptides from the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Carapax Trionycis (the Shell of the Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"66","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.11.006","article-title":"Fermented protein hydrolysates: Biological activities and applications","volume":"43","author":"Nasri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/10498850.2018.1559903","article-title":"Purification and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Fermented Fish Sauce (Budu)","volume":"28","author":"Najafian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.08.020","article-title":"A peptidomic approach for the identification of antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory peptides in sardinelle protein hydrolysates fermented by Bacillus subtilis A26 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens An6","volume":"89","author":"Jemil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Montet, D., Ray, R.C., Azevedo, V.A.D.C., and Paramithiotis, S. (2023). Lactic acid bacteria for the generation of bioactive peptides. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Cell Factories, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.10.008","article-title":"Bioactive peptides from yeast: A comparative review on production methods, bioactivity, structure-function relationship, and stability","volume":"118","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2021.100047","article-title":"Enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation: The most favorable biotechnological methods for the release of bioactive peptides","volume":"3","author":"Aguilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"100122","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction: Recent advances in optimization, synergistic approaches, and applications for green chemistry","volume":"7","author":"Melikoglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Clim. Action"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, D., Munekata, P.E.S., Agreg\u00e1n, R., Berm\u00fadez, R., L\u00f3pez-Pedrouso, M., Pateiro, M., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2020). Application of Pulsed Electric Fields for Obtaining Antioxidant Extracts from Fish Residues. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020090"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28784","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents: Preparation, properties, and food applications","volume":"10","author":"Negi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12765","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12765","article-title":"Structure-informed separation of bioactive peptides","volume":"43","author":"Acquah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.11.024","article-title":"Purification and fractionation of bioactive peptides through membrane filtration: A critical and application review","volume":"131","author":"Alavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1021\/jf904456r","article-title":"Amino Acid Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Pea Seed (Pisum sativum L.) Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysate Fractions","volume":"58","author":"Pownall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibdiakova, J., Matic, J., Wubshet, S.G., Uhl, W., Manamperuma, L.D., Rusten, B., and Vik, E.A. (2024). Membrane Separation of Chicken Byproduct Hydrolysate for Up-Concentration of Bioactive Peptides. Membranes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes14020028"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125387","article-title":"Correlation between membrane surface properties, polymer nature and fouling in skim milk ultrafiltration","volume":"605","author":"Bildyukevich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Peng, X., Pei, H., Chen, Y., Meng, H., Yuan, J., Xing, H., and Wu, Y. (2022). An overview of walnuts application as a plant-based. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1083707"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"40","article-title":"Separation, Purification, and Activity Analysis of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides in Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Egg Yolk of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2174\/0115734110337889240920090945","article-title":"Ion Exchange Chromatography: A Versatile Technique for Comprehensive Characterization of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides","volume":"21","author":"Kuril","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nong, N.T., and Hsu, J.-L. (2022). Bioactive Peptides: An Understanding from Current Screening Methodology. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10061114"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20488","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA03350A","article-title":"Purification and identification of antioxidative peptides from mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus) protein","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100153","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202100153","article-title":"Targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of proteins: Basic principles, applications, and perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Kulyyassov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollet Marson, G., Belleville, M.P., Lacour, S., and Hubinger, M.D. (2020). Membrane Fractionation of Protein Hydrolysates from By-Products: Recovery of Valuable Compounds from Spent Yeasts. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11010023"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purohit, K., Reddy, N., and Sunna, A. (2024). Exploring the Potential of Bioactive Peptides: From Natural Sources to Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031391"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, C., Lievore, G., Bozza, D., Buratti, A., Cavazzini, A., Ricci, A., Macis, M., Cabri, W., Felletti, S., and Catani, M. (2021). Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Peptides by Means of Preparative Liquid Chromatography. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154688"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700082","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201700082","article-title":"Continuous desalting of refolded protein solution improves capturing in ion exchange chromatography: A seamless process","volume":"12","author":"Walch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71028","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71028","article-title":"Recovery of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides from Potato Peels","volume":"13","author":"Aslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130220","article-title":"Utilization of tofu processing wastewater as a source of the bioactive peptide lunasin","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.17113\/ftb.59.03.21.7087","article-title":"In vitro Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antidiabetic Activities of Protein Hydrolysates Prepared from Chinese Pond Turtle (Chinemys reevesii)","volume":"59","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Zhao, Q., and Wang, Q. (2013). Production and antioxidant properties of marine-derived bioactive peptides. Marine Proteins and Peptides: Biological Activities and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118375082.ch18"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.07.011","article-title":"Revisiting the mechanisms of ACE inhibitory peptides from food proteins","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.152-153.1788","article-title":"Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Collagen from the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"152\u2013153","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"101","article-title":"Study on the separation of antioxidant peptides from Turtle using ultrafiltration","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70776","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70776","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Combined Wheat Peptides, Soft-Shelled Turtle Peptides and Pueraria Lobata Root Extract on Alleviating Alcoholic Liver Disease by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier","volume":"91","author":"Zhong","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15466","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000361200","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of the Antioxidant Response Element: ACTIVATION BY Nrf2 AND REPRESSION BY MafK*","volume":"275","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10941","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.24.10941-10953.2004","article-title":"Keap1 is a redox-regulated substrate adaptor protein for a Cul3-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172398899","article-title":"Direct evidence that sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 are the sensors regulating induction of phase 2 enzymes that protect against carcinogens and oxidants","volume":"99","author":"Holtzclaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"321","article-title":"Effect of Soft-shelled Turtle Peptide on the Lifespan and Antioxidant Activities of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2026.148512","article-title":"Identification and mechanistic insights into immunomodulatory peptides from soft-shelled turtle hydrolysates","volume":"508","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00250K","article-title":"The mediation of the AHR\/IL-22\/STAT3\/IL-6 axis by soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) peptide and Chinese pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) peptide contributed to their amelioration effects on intestinal mucosal immunity in immunosuppressed mice","volume":"14","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Monocyte and M1 Macrophage-induced Barrier Defect Contributes to Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in IBD","volume":"21","author":"Lissner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112024","article-title":"Turtle peptide and its derivative peptide ameliorated DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by inhibiting inflammation and modulating the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"132","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4604387","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4604387","article-title":"Sea Cucumber Peptides Improved the Mitochondrial Capacity of Mice: A Potential Mechanism to Enhance Gluconeogenesis and Fat Catabolism during Exercise for Improved Antifatigue Property","volume":"2020","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8322","article-title":"Anti-fatigue activity of sea cucumber peptides prepared from Stichopus japonicus in an endurance swimming rat model","volume":"97","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X.R., Zhang, L., Ding, D.G., and Chi, C.F. (2019). Preparation, Identification, and Activity Evaluation of Eight Antioxidant Peptides from Protein Hydrolysate of Hairtail (Trichiurus japonicas) Muscle. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17010023"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Shi, J., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Yu, P., Guan, R., and Feng, F. (2022). Soft-Shelled Turtle Peptide Supplementation Modifies Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress, Enhances Exercise Endurance, and Decreases Physical Fatigue in Mice. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11040600"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2026.148875","article-title":"Identification and mechanistic characterization of novel ACE-inhibitory peptides derived from Nattokinase","volume":"511","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.10.029","article-title":"Screening of angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from soft-shelled turtle yolk using two orthogonal bioassay-guided fractionations","volume":"28","author":"Pujiastuti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12178","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504734g","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Tripeptide from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) Egg White: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Study","volume":"62","author":"Rawendra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.10.095","article-title":"Exploration of the molecular interactions between angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) and the inhibitory peptides derived from hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch.)","volume":"245","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2021.106626","article-title":"Molecular insights into the interaction of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and HEXXH motif","volume":"276","author":"Kircheva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112984","article-title":"In vitro-in silico screening strategy and mechanism of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from \u03b1-lactalbumin","volume":"156","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amigo, L., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Ledesma, B. (2020). Current Evidence on the Bioavailability of Food Bioactive Peptides. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194479"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14328","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14328","article-title":"Inhibition mechanism of oligopeptides from soft-shelled turtle egg against \u03b1-glucosidase and their gastrointestinal digestive properties","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"209","article-title":"Purification and characterization of antiproliferative peptide from enzymatic hydrolysates of Chinese soft-shelled turtle protein","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"100949","article-title":"Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of bioactive peptides from Mauremys mutica turtle shell glue in the treatment of liver cancer through network pharmacology integrated with experimental validation","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"3109","article-title":"Soft-shelled turtle peptide modulates microRNA profile in human gastric cancer AGS cells","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"265","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Lysozymes","volume":"12","author":"Pukcothanung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1021\/ja075659k","article-title":"Structure, Self-Assembly, and Dual Role of a \u03b2-Defensin-like Peptide from the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Eggshell Matrix","volume":"130","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1021\/bm049276f","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of a Vaterite-Inducing Peptide, Pelovaterin, from the Eggshells of Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle)","volume":"6","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.02.030","article-title":"Approaches for enhancing oral bioavailability of peptides and proteins","volume":"447","author":"Renukuntla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/16\/2773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:34:40Z","timestamp":1786091680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/16\/2773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15162773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15162773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}